The field of psychology explores how one’s thoughts, perspectives and past experiences shape current emotional responses. From childhood attachment patterns to adult relationships, past interactions with others inform how to process and express one’s own emotions, even if at a subconscious level. Research in neuroscience investigates how brain structures and complex neural pathways contribute to emotional processing. For example, the amygdala is central in detecting threats and activating the nervous system, while the prefrontal cortex helps regulate and contextualize emotionally salient experiences. The prefrontal cortex is not fully developed until around the age of 25, which helps to explain the emotional volatility and impulsivity of our younger years. 

Emotions are not simply “all in your head” — emotional experiences are influenced by interconnected systems beyond the brain, including environmental and sensory input, diet and nutrition and physical movement. Exposure to morning sunlight boosts serotonin and (healthy) cortisol levels, contributing to enhanced mood. Panoramic (wide-angle, far distance) vision can help calm the nervous system in real-time to reduce stress. Furthermore, gut microbiome dysbiosis has been linked to depression and increased feelings of loneliness. 

By recognizing how various systems shape our emotional experiences, we can adopt evidence-based strategies to support emotional resilience and well-being.

Emotional intelligence is described as the ability to reason with and about emotions and feelings — and it’s a skill that can be developed with practice. Dr. Marc Brackett, a research psychologist and founding director of the Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence, summarizes the components of emotional intelligence with the acronym RULER, to include recognizing, understanding, labeling, expressing and regulating emotions. 

High emotional intelligence involves both self-awareness and an emotional awareness of others. Journaling about your feelings when stressed or overwhelmed can increase self-awareness by revealing underlying emotions that may not be immediately apparent (like jealousy) and can reduce anxiety and improve sleep quality. 

Emotional intelligence skills are integral to meaningful interaction and connection with others — whether with coworkers in a professional setting or navigating a difficult conversation with a loved one. Effective communication goes beyond saying the right words: active listening counters the human default of “listening to reply” and you can utilize body language, facial expressions and other non-verbal cues to better read and label others’ emotions and develop stronger social awareness.

Quality social connections are strongly linked to improved health outcomes and longevity. Interactions don't need to be deep conversations to have a positive impact; even small, everyday interactions such as chatting with a barista or a casual greeting can enhance emotional health and contribute to a sense of fulfillment.

In addition to having individual social connections, having a sense of community — that is, a collective feeling of belonging and support that goes beyond the sum of individual interactions — is highly impactful for health and well-being. The weakening of traditional community structures (like places of worship and community organizations) necessitates managing many individual relationships, which takes more effort and can result in an echo chamber-like effect where individuals only spend time with people who likely already share the same perspectives and life experiences.

To build more meaningful social connections, focus on the quality of interactions rather than quantity. Engaging in the broader community, like participating in group activities, volunteering or local events, enhances your sense of belonging and strengthens social ties.

Serotonin and oxytocin are crucial for feelings of love and attachment, often associated with relaxation and bonding. Romantic love — especially in the early stages of romantic infatuation — activates dopamine release in brain circuits associated with reward and addiction, such as in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala. Research has shown that individuals who are deeply infatuated with their romantic partner can tolerate higher levels of pain, as the neural circuitry involved in love — more specifically, infatuation — can also blunt the perception of pain.

Early-life experiences are a key predictor for adult relationship dynamics, as the same neural circuitry that facilitates parental attachment is involved in romantic relationships later in life. A secure attachment style creates comfort with intimacy and independence, generally leading to stable and lasting relationships, whereas an avoidant or anxious attachment style can create relational challenges, such as difficulties with self-regulation or finding healthy ways to balance your partner’s needs with your own.

Importantly, these early created patterns can be reshaped through awareness and intentional effort. By understanding your own attachment style and those of current or potential romantic partners, you can better assess compatibility for a long-term relationship. A healthy relationship prioritizes communication skills, problem-solving and conflict resolution, which contributes to overall relationship satisfaction.