How to Find & Be a Great Romantic Partner | Lori Gottlieb

Andrew Huberman:
Welcome to the Huberman Lab podcast, where we discuss science and science-based tools for everyday life. I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine. My guest today is Lori Gottlieb. Lori Gottlieb is a psychotherapist and best-selling author, and is considered one of the world's leading experts on relationships, how to find relationships, how to be in relationships effectively, how to leave relationships if necessary, how to grieve them after they're gone, and how to renew them, all from the perspective of looking inward at ourselves and the stories about ourselves and others that we tell ourselves that can lead us to what we want and what's best for us, or that lead us away from those things. During today's episode, we discuss how the feelings we experience when we're with certain people are the absolute best guide of how poorly or how well those people are suited for us as partners, and the ways in which we miss key signals, both good and bad, in relationships by not paying attention to how we feel. Lori explains how to better our communication skills, how to determine if somebody's critique of us is valid or not, that certainly is important for everybody, and how texting and technology has changed relationships, and how to navigate all of that by leaning into our own sense of agency, the things that we can control. And last but not least, Lori explains how we can all access more vitality and enjoyment of life, and how so many people don't allow themselves to do that because the familiarity of their present circumstances overrides their willingness to move forward. This was a really eye-opening episode, and one that I'm certain will help you better understand yourself and what your needs really are, and how you can be happier in or out of a relationship. Before we begin, I'd like to emphasize that this podcast is separate from my teaching and research roles at Stanford. It is, however, part of my desire and effort to bring zero cost to consumer information about science and science-related tools to the general public. In keeping with that theme, this episode does include sponsors. And now for my discussion with Lori Gottlieb. Lori Gottlieb, welcome.

Lori Gottlieb:
Thank you. Great to be here.

Andrew Huberman:
What's the first thing you ask a patient when you're meeting them for the first time?

Lori Gottlieb:
Usually it's something like, "Tell me what's going on. Tell me why you're here. Tell me what made you decide to come in."

Andrew Huberman:
And are you listening both to the content of their words and their tone, their physicality?

Lori Gottlieb:
Everything.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah. I think it's so interesting because sometimes people will say, "I'm here because of..." And they'll talk about something very difficult, but they're smiling through it.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
I think it's very nerve-wracking to come in and see a therapist, and you don't know this person, and you're about to share some very personal information that maybe you haven't told anyone in this way. And so you want to make somebody comfortable. You want to make sure that you feel like they are not being rushed to share something that they're not ready to share. So it's just the process. I think it's a very human interaction. Therapy to me is not like expert and this other person, and then it feels very asymmetrical. Of course, we're using our training and that's why they're coming to us, but I feel like it's very much a human-to-human interchange.

Andrew Huberman:
Do you think, because I've heard, but I don't know if it's true, do you think that some people tend to create a lot of internal and perhaps external narrative about what happened, who they are, how people are in the world, how they're not in the world. A lot of words to their experience, either spoken or internally, versus people who maybe experience life a little bit differently. Once somebody said in a comment on Instagram, and I still think about this, they said, "I don't think in words, I think in feels." And my first reaction was like, "Yeah, I'm from Northern California and people talk that way sometimes." So I thought, that's interesting. Maybe there are a lot of people for whom language isn't the primary mode of understanding what's going on around them.

Lori Gottlieb:
I think that as humans, we try to make sense of our feelings through stories. That we tell ourself a story about why we're feeling a certain way. And sometimes we aren't that skilled, because nobody taught us this, to access our feelings. And that happens because kids are often talked out of their feelings. So when you're young, for example, and say you say to your parent, "I'm really worried about this," and your parent will say, "Oh, don't worry about that. That's nothing to worry about." Or, "I'm really mad about this." "You're so sensitive." Right? Or because parents are really uncomfortable when their kids are feeling sad because they feel like it's my responsibility to make sure they're not sad, which is not your responsibility as a parent. You're there to sit with your child and be present for them. So if your child says, "I'm really sad that so and so sat with so and so at lunch today," and the parent will say, "Well, here's what you can do," or, "That's terrible." Right? Instead of like, "Oh, tell me more." And I think that as a parent or even as a partner, when your partner comes to you or your friend comes to you or a family member comes to you and tells you something, often what we do is we try to talk them out of the feeling that they're having or help them get rid of the feeling because we think it's a negative feeling. When feelings are all positive because they're like a compass. They tell us what direction to go in if we can access them. So when you say to someone, "Tell me more," then the kid might say, "Well, yeah, it was really hard." And then they'll talk about maybe like why the person might have sat at a different table or what might have happened. And we really do have a lot of answers inside if we listen to the feelings, but we're talked out of the feelings, and then we grow up thinking, "If I'm feeling sad or angry or anxious, then I need to get rid of the feeling," as opposed to, "I need to use that feeling." And so instead what we do is we come up with all these stories, like the problem is out there, as opposed to, oh, I have some really good information in here.

Andrew Huberman:
I had a now ex-girlfriend, we're still on great terms, who we had an agreement that served us super well and that I try and apply going forward, which is nobody tries to shift anyone else.

Lori Gottlieb:
Hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
In my mind, I was the one that came up with that, but I think in reality, she was the one that came up with it. Because now I'm like, there's no way I would've come up with that. But I think it came about through a couple different interactions where I would get off work, and sometimes the initial 20 minutes of interacting was much more difficult than it needed to be. And then I remember we just came up with this plan where we just decided no one's going to shift the other person unless they're like, "Shift me, please." Like, "Help me relax," or, "Help me get excited about this," which we would never do, right?

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
So, a policy of not trying to shift anybody, or somebody trying to shift our emotions, I think felt really liberating.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right. I think what you're talking about is self-regulation versus co-regulation. So self-regulation is when you're having some kind of internal experience, you have choices. Like, I'm really angry about this. Okay, how do I self-regulate? Not to ignore the anger, because the anger is telling me that maybe a boundary was broken, or maybe somebody is treating me in a way that I don't want to be treated, or maybe I'm upset with myself for the way that I acted. So it's good information, but then what do you do with it? Can you self-regulate? Can you find ways to look at the anger without screaming, yelling, self-sabotaging, whatever people do that's not a productive use of their anger, or your anxiety, or your sadness. Co-regulation is important, though. And that's something that you see, again, you can see it with parent-child, where if the parent can stay calm when the child is not calm, that helps the child to learn to self-regulate. And with a partner, say you had a really hard day at work, and you come home and you're just not in a good mood. It's not your partner's responsibility to help you through that. You need to self-regulate. But it sure helps if your partner is regulated, and they can help co-regulate you just because they happen to be regulated. You want two adults in the room, or at least one adult in the room. If you have two children in the room, like grown children, adults, then everybody gets dysregulated. So it's really important that at least one person is being the adult in the room, and one person is regulated. If both people, like you're in an argument, both people are dysregulated, nothing good is going to come from that.

Andrew Huberman:
In which case, is the best option to just pause it until somebody returns to adulthood?

Lori Gottlieb:
Yes. And that happens so often. It's such an easy fix for couples because sometimes they think, "We have to deal with this right now." And it feels urgent to deal with it right now because I feel hurt right now. Or, "I can't believe you said that," or, "We need to resolve this right now." That can be the worst possible thing. So it's not like, let's forget about it. It's, "I'm going to go take a walk," or, "I'm going to go to the gym," or, "I'm going to go read for a few minutes," or, "I'm going to go relax," whatever that is. And then, "Let's talk in an hour about it." Or, "Let's talk tonight." Right? And you can stay connected during that time. So what are you going to do in the intervening time? If you're just making up stories about the other person, "They're insensitive, they don't care about me, they don't prioritize me," then that's not helpful. But in that intervening time, if you can say, "If I were telling this story from the other person's perspective, what would their version of this story be? And is there a nugget of overlap? And is there a nugget of something that feels really genuine to me that I can understand and even have compassion for?" And that's going to help you come back when you have the conversation, but you have to be regulated.

Andrew Huberman:
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Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... are couples where I would refer to one person in the relationship as more emotive and expressive, and the other person as a little bit on the spectrum. And my observation is that part of the reason those couples seem so harmonious is that the little things don't seem to bother the person on the spectrum, because they don't register them.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
They don't get entangled in the other person's downs or ups, which I guess could be problematic in theory, but just seems like they get along really well. Because, and I won't stereotype the labels, but these couples that I know, it does happen to be the male who is a little bit on the spectrum, and the woman who's a little more emotive, and it just seems like there's so much harmony there. And when I talk to him, I'm generally more closer to the man in the relationship, although not always. They say, "Yeah. Doesn't bother me. I just will listen, or if there's something, a request, I'll respond to the request." There isn't this entanglement of-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... "She's upset, so I have to respond," or, "This is really painful to listen to." It's more of a matter of fact.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
And, I just think it's an interesting dynamic. It's obviously not one that people can pre-program themselves for. But I do think it's an interesting dynamic, as opposed to what you're describing, where emotions can ratchet together like gears. And that can be wonderful when people are in ecstatic states or happy, or that there's the banter-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... of certain couples that seem pretty-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... emotive is something I'm also familiar with observing. But those couples also seem more volatile, like when somebody's upset, the other person gets upset. And it just starts to deteriorate pretty quickly.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah. You don't want two highly reactive people to be together. You also, I think, need to think about, there's a saying, "We marry our unfinished business." Right? So let's say that there's somebody who had a parent who was very avoidant or withdrawn. That person, if they haven't processed that, will be drawn to the partner who is more avoidant, but not because it feels good, but because it's familiar. And so sometimes in the kind of couple that you're describing, and I don't know the experience of your friends, but I've seen a lot of couples where it looks like that would be a good match because one person is more in the emotional sphere and one person is less so. But sometimes what that is, is one person gets very lonely because they're not really getting that kind of emotional interaction that they want. So it can be a solution for some people because they don't know how to be with a different kind of person. But I also feel like you want to make sure that you have figured out your unfinished business, that you don't just have radar for the kind of person who hurt you. So what often happens is people haven't processed whatever it was that they wanted more of or less of when they were growing up, and then they go out into the world and they're looking for a partner, and they literally have radar for a person who is exactly like the person who hurt them, but doesn't look like that. So it's like, "I'm going to choose someone who is the opposite of the parent who hurt me." And then you find this person, and after you get to know them a little bit, you're like, "Wow, that person drinks a lot, too. I didn't realize that." Or, "That person is really withholding, too. I didn't see that at first." Or, "That person yells a lot. I didn't notice that at first." And you're like, "How did I get into this exact situation that hurt me as a child?" And that's because your unconscious is saying, "You look familiar. Come closer." Because what we're trying to do is we're trying to win. We're trying to master a situation where we felt helpless as a child. We couldn't control the situation with our parents when we were growing up. And now we think, again, this is completely outside of our awareness, "I'm going to win this time. I'm going to master this. I'm going to get love from that kind of person." And it doesn't work out. So I think that you really want to make sure that you are choosing someone for healthy reasons and not because there's some unfinished business that you're trying to work out with this person who is not going to meet your needs.

Andrew Huberman:
To go a little bit further into this idea, which by the way, I fully subscribe to based on your explanation of this and my belief that our unconscious mind is driving a lot of our choices. My understanding is that what you just described doesn't adhere to mom, dad, male, female compartmentalization. And what I mean by that is that I think a lot of people will hear what you just said and assume, "Okay, if my dad hurt me in the following ways, then..." And let's say it's a woman.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
And she said, "My dad hurt me in the following ways. Maybe he was a drinker, withdrawn, or he was violent," or whatever. Then that woman will seek out men that mimic that. Here, I'm assuming heterosexual relationship. But if her mother was the one that was the drinker, violent, and/or withdrawn, and she's heterosexual, my understanding is based on the dynamics that you described, she will find those traits in a man.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yes.

Andrew Huberman:
Because she's heterosexual, she's seeking men for romantic partners, and I think that's very important. I think that sometimes we put the mom, dad labels on top of the attraction to, again, staying in the heterosexual framework here, the opposite sex framework. And then people say, "Well, why is it that this woman always seeks out these what end up being really terrible guys? She had such a great dad."

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
"But she had a dreadful mom."

Lori Gottlieb:
That is absolutely correct.

Andrew Huberman:
Okay.

Lori Gottlieb:
And I think it's so interesting because I think that people think that having One parent that gave you what you needed is protective. And in some ways it is, but the thing that hurts is the thing that gets the most attention inside of our bodies. So we don't necessarily think it, but we felt it, we internalized it. It lives inside of us. And so, yes, having a good parent, one of the two, if you have two parents, one of the two is important. But it's interesting that it's not like we seek out the person like the good parent always. Sometimes, again, because we're trying to work something out, we seek out someone like the parent who really hurt us.

Andrew Huberman:
Such a flaw in our wiring.

Lori Gottlieb:
Well, I think that's where therapy is really helpful.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
I think that's where people are like, "Well, what is therapy really for?" And I think it's really about, what are the things that are outside of your awareness but that are sort of driving the car? So it's like we think we're the driver of our own car, but often someone else is driving the car, and we don't realize it, and we think, "Why does this keep happening?" Or, "What is happening in my life that I'm not getting what I want in whatever dimension it is," whether it's professionally or personally. And so often it's because there's some force that you are acting out that you don't even realize. And I think the role of therapy is to kind of hold up a mirror to people and help them to see something about themselves that they haven't been willing or able to see.

Andrew Huberman:
You said that people will pick the person who's exactly wrong for them, who feels exactly right-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... at least at first, that it has this kind of come here, this summoning aspect to it. Like, we feel drawn to it, it feels drawn to us. That's how relationships start, after all.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
One would hope. But in this case, you said that people come to find that that person harbors some of the exact same traits, I'm calling them that, behaviors, traits-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... whatever it is, that hurt them-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... in the context of their child-parent relationship. Why do you think initially it presents as the opposite?

Lori Gottlieb:
I think it's about the familiarity, that there's something so visceral about this feels like childhood, and even if childhood was not optimal or even miserable, it still feels familiar. And humans, in general, are very afraid of uncertainty. They're very afraid of the unfamiliar. I remember when I was in therapy, my therapist said to me, "You remind me of this cartoon," and it's of a prisoner shaking the bars, desperately trying to get out. But on the right and the left, it's open. No bars, right? So why do we stay in this prison? Why don't we even see that it's open? And why don't we walk around the bars? And it's because with freedom comes responsibility and uncertainty. We know what it's like to be in prison. That's been our experience. So that feels comfortable, even though we say we desperately want to get out. And then if we choose the uncertain path, we're responsible for our lives now. We can't blame it on Mom or Dad or this situation or that situation. I'm not saying those situations weren't impactful, of course they were. But we have choices as an adult. We have freedom as an adult that we didn't have as a child, and sometimes it's really hard for us to say, "I'm going to have to be responsible for my life." That's terrifying, because we feel like we don't have the tools to do that. We feel like, again, the uncertainty, we'd rather have the certainty of, like, "I know what it's like in prison. At least I know what that's like, and I know the devil you know." And again, that's outside of our awareness.

Andrew Huberman:
I think what you're describing is a pervasive feature of being human. If I may, there's this kid, he's now a young adult, but who I've watched grow up from a very young age who got into college. He was doing really well, then he fell in love. He made the decision to leave school. The relationship ended, and I was talking to him recently, and he's kind of in this kind of dizzying spin of thinking about how great things were, how he blew it. And he's young. I'm like, "Listen, you're good. You didn't drop out. He just withdrew. He can go back-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... and he'll find another relationship." And I empathize with him. But I passed something along to him that was actually discussed by a former guest on this podcast, Josh Waitzkin, who was a former child chess prodigy, he's gone on to do a number of things. And he said exactly what you're saying, which is, in a different context, he said, "We get so attached to our current identity and our past identity and trying to resolve those, that we're more willing to stay in that state of discomfort than we are to step into a path of potential success."

Lori Gottlieb:
Right.

Andrew Huberman:
It makes no sense, right? And so I passed this along. We'll see what he does with that knowledge.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yes. It's kind of like the misery of uncertainty.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
The certainty of misery is sometimes more palatable to people than the misery of uncertainty.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
So you can be certain that you're going to stay miserable if you stay in jail.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
But the misery of uncertainty is worse. So it's really interesting that people will make that trade-off. And the other thing about this attraction question that you're asking about, it's like I had this therapy client, and she would pick people who were exactly like one or both of her parents, and she would be so attracted to those guys. She would always go for them, and she'd say, "Men are terrible. Guys are terrible." It's like, "No, no, no. The men you're choosing are terrible to you. But then you go out on dates with these great guys," and she's like, "Yeah, no chemistry." No chemistry.

Andrew Huberman:
Yeah, let's talk about that. What is the flip side of this, the lack of interest in somebody that doesn't overtly or covertly harbor the painful thing that you're so used to?

Lori Gottlieb:
Right. So that's the thing. She was working out this way of, she hadn't separated yet from her childhood. So she was trying to kind of reenact her childhood with these men, and she didn't realize she was doing that. She'd just be like, "Oh, I'm so attracted to this person," or things like, "I like this guy so much. I don't know why he doesn't call when he says he will." Right? And it's like, well, who is that like? Who does that remind you of? When have you felt that before, that like, I never know where I stand with this parent, with this boyfriend? And then the people who are really reliable, who by the way, it wasn't about their physical traits. These men were all physically attractive. It was she felt no sort of, again, that word chemistry, because there's something very threatening about like, "Oh, there's no friction." It's a frictionless thing where he says he's going to call, and he does. He's reliable. He does what he says he's going to do. I don't know what to do with that. It doesn't light her up in that way because she's not having that big emotional reaction to it, because it doesn't feel like the thing that would give her a big emotional reaction. And so once she sort of works that through, by the end of the therapy, she became very attracted to the kinds of guys who would treat her the way she wanted to be treated. And she was no longer attracted to the guys that she-- So she'd get that initial kind of like, "Oh, I feel something when I'm in the presence of a guy like that, but I'm not really interested in a relationship with that kind of guy."

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
So that's, I think, what therapy can do for people.

Andrew Huberman:
One of the things that I've noticed in my own life is that as I've gotten older, I'll be 50 later this year, been looking forward to that. I feel great. But some of the things that I assumed for so many years, like slow is low. Like when things are-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm

Andrew Huberman:
... really slow, for many years, it felt kind of depressive. Now, I love slow, mellow. Peace is the thing that I savor so much. But for so many years, I think what you're describing, that sort of activation state-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... of excitement.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
I had a pretty wild youth and then, I mean, I like adventure and I've taken on, at times, dangerous adventures that I shouldn't have, lived, told myself I wouldn't do them again, picked a different adventure. But even in my scientific career or podcasting, things that feel at times like a bit of a tightrope walk-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... just given the number of variables that I can't control, just by virtue of what they are, and the challenge of long cycles of trying to publish peer-- They're kind of scary at some level. It's your profession, after all. But I did the same thing in a lot of my relationships. Lovely people, in some cases. Some cases not, but in most cases, fortunately for me, lovely people. But there was this sense that if something felt like a little bit of an upstate, kind of like a bit more of autonomic arousal, or a lot more autonomic arousal, that it had this kind of magnetic quality to it. Whereas I think, and I'm not joking or lying here, I think owning a bulldog taught me how to really savor relaxing. I'm not saying this just to highlight Costello again. I observed his relationship to the world, and the bulldog's contract with its owner is an amazing one that I think I learned a lot from. The contract is, "I will die for you. I will literally give up my life to protect you, Andrew. But if that's not on the line, I'm not going to do anything."

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
"We're just going to sit here and enjoy the sunshine."

Lori Gottlieb:
Right.

Andrew Huberman:
"We're just going to breathe, and we're going to eat food."

Lori Gottlieb:
Right.

Andrew Huberman:
"Friends are coming over, and I'll get excited." And I'm not trying to make too much of this. I really noticed, I was like, wow, he needs so little to be blissful.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
And yet, I know that if push came to shove, he's on my side. We've got each other's backs.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
As opposed to, let's talk about a more human contract of this picture or story of a couple that they have about themselves. Ride or die is something people say a lot nowadays. It's a beautiful concept, right? Loyalty. You're in it together no matter what. But there's a calm version of that-

Lori Gottlieb:
Yes

Andrew Huberman:
... like ride or die. And then there's ride or die, like we'll take on anything. We'll bring in chaos. We'll be the chaos, and we just don't quit.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
Very different activation states.

Lori Gottlieb:
Oh, absolutely.

Andrew Huberman:
And it took me 49 years to learn this. I see it in professional relationships, too. People want the exciting thing, the big build, and then they're like, it's the chaos of like, oh, this founder left and this person. It's like, well, of course it started in drama. It's going to end in drama. Does some of this resonate?

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah, absolutely. Two things. One is that there's this concept of cherophobia, which is kind of fear of joy. And so many people, because they grew up in a way where whenever, let's say the parent was reliable in moments, right, at certain times, and then they were unreliable, or they were really calm, but then they would blow up, and you never knew what was going to happen. It was like you were walking on eggshells the whole time, right? So you're very afraid of anything that goes well. You think the other shoe is going to drop at any moment. So you don't want to pick something that, and again, outside of your awareness, you don't pick the calm partner because it feels too good, like something's going to go wrong. So I'll pick the volatile partner because I'm prepared. I'm prepared for that level of volatility, right? And so people sabotage all the time, whether it's about a job or a partner or whatever they want. They think, "I am not going to go there because it's not safe to feel joy." Because something will go wrong, and I will be crushed, and it will be harder to have the experience of joy and to have it crushed than to never feel the joy. So there was a woman that I wrote about in my book who she wouldn't let herself feel any joy or get excited about a partner or excited about she wanted to be an artist and doing her art, and things were going really well, and then she'd self-sabotage. It's like, "You can't fire me, I quit." Right?

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
It's like I'm going to create the bad thing to happen to myself, because if it happens from the universe, it's going to feel even worse. So I think we need to kind of really be aware there are lots of people out there who are terrified of good things happening, even though they say they desperately want good things to happen, and so they make bad things happen, or they make sure good things don't happen to them because it feels so uncomfortable to sit in that space of the other shoe's going to drop at any moment, and I can't deal with that. But the other thing I want to say about this slow burn type of thing is there was a study that was done that I wrote about in one of my books where they did a longitudinal study, and they looked at people over 20 years, and they followed up with them every five years from the first date to where they are later. And they had them, instead of historically saying when you ask people in relationships and you say, "What was it like when you first met?" And they'll tell you some story, but it's retrospective. It's not like you weren't there at the time. You're sort of telling it through the lens of where you are now. What was great about this study was people wrote down at the time, "Here's how I feel." So people who were, let's say, got married and were happy would say almost unilaterally, like, "There was so much chemistry. We had such a good time on the first date. It was amazing." Whereas at the time they might've said, "Yeah, it was okay. Maybe I'll see this person again. Fine." Like, no butterflies or whatever. But that's not the story they're telling themselves about it. Now, people who either are unhappily together or no longer together would say, "Yeah, there was nothing there. There was no chemistry. I didn't really like the person." But at the time, they might've said, "Wow, I'm really interested in this person. It was like we had so much chemistry." So we change our stories based on our present experience, and we think we're telling an accurate version of what actually happened. And the reason I bring this up is because since people who are sort of happy couples tell these stories to other people, we think in our culture that if you go on a first date and you don't have that immediate spark, that it's not worth it. Like, don't go on a second date. And what happens is sometimes a lot of the time when you have that immediate spark, it doesn't mean what you think it means. It's not that a spark is bad. It means that you really need to see what it means. And it's not that not having a spark is bad. If you go on a date and you feel like, "It was a nice conversation, and I had a good enough time," go spend another hour with this person. Just go on another date with them and see what happens. But we don't do that because we have this illusion that you can just go back on an app, or there's so many people out there. And so we try to optimize as opposed to saying, "What would it be like? I felt good when I was with this person. I didn't feel that rush, but I felt pretty good. So I think I'll go see what that's like again." And that should be our bar, not like, do I feel this rush? Do I feel like this is amazing? But did I have a good enough time? Sure. Let me go see what that's like.

Andrew Huberman:
Yeah. One certainly wouldn't want to be bored in somebody else's presence, but calm seems like a good touchpoint-

Lori Gottlieb:
Yes

Andrew Huberman:
... to look for as opposed to this activation state. Maybe it's the neurobiologist in me, and I'm guilty of also working on this autonomic arousal thing for so many years. This seesaw in us of being up states that can either be stress or bliss, and down states, which can either be depression and fatigue or can just be pleasant relaxation.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
The label becomes critical, right?

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
Alert and stressed versus alert and elated is-

Lori Gottlieb:
Very different

Andrew Huberman:
... same level of alertness, two very different things. Same-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... depressed versus peaceful when relaxed. And looking for or trying to figure out what sorts of interactions bring about that kind of even seesaw-

Lori Gottlieb:
Yes

Andrew Huberman:
... might be best. Not one or the other. Maybe erring even a little bit more towards peace.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yes. And when I see couples who come in, and they've been married for a long time now, and they say, when I'll say, "What is the origin story? How did you meet? What was that like? What were you attracted to in the other person?" And so often I'll hear words like, "It was so exciting. I found this person so exciting." And it's like that's the very thing that what you thought was excitement was actually volatility or was actually sort of anxiety as opposed to that sense of you can be calm and feel excited about the other person. So we're talking about a neurological state, right? Your nervous system, and then we're talking about your interpretation of what that means. So sometimes calmness is exciting. Sometimes excitement is anxiety-provoking. And so you have to be able to tell the difference between the two.

Andrew Huberman:
Yeah, I'll just say yes and yes to both those statements. I think peace is, it's not everything, but it's necessary but not sufficient-

Lori Gottlieb:
Yes

Andrew Huberman:
... as we say. If I may, I'd like to get kind of a little deep and abstract along this dimension of why people are so much more willing to stay in a state that doesn't feel good versus risk the unknown And the opportunity to win in relationship, in life, in career, et cetera, because I do believe that. I happen to be reading, it's a hard book, a genuinely difficult book, but I'm really enjoying it. I'm reading Ernst Becker's "The Denial of Death."

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
I highly recommend it to everyone. Won a Pulitzer, after all. You don't need my endorsement. And the central thesis of the book, right, is that we're a weird species because we understand that we're going to die at some point. We're all going to die. And that humans go through these very complicated gymnastics related to ego and symbols, and we create notions of meaning and story to try and distract us basically from this-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... really scary reality. It's terrifying, right? It's terrifying. Nobody really understands or knows what happens next. We can't be sure. And I have this idea in mind as you're telling me that indeed, people are willing to stay in a set of circumstances that don't work for them, even ruminating on the mistakes that got them there for a very long time willingly, when all they need to do is make some new choices that they're fully capable of making. And I wonder whether or not it's because they're alive now, they know they're, quote unquote, "safe now." They're not dead. The number of people I know who stayed in circumstances that didn't work for them for so long, professionally, relationally, it's like how do they do that? And I understand sometimes there's kids, sometimes there's financial issues, but it's always the case that they've eventually gotten out, thank goodness, and they always say, "I wish I had done it so much earlier."

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
And I wonder whether or not as a biological and psychological being, we do this because we're thinking, "Well, I'm alive now. I'm breathing now. I'm," quote unquote, "safe now, but I don't know what's going to happen if I make this other choice." It defies logic, but at the same time, if one just assumes that our biggest fear deep down in our unconscious is fear of death, we'll pretty much stay anywhere where we're continuing to be alive and not in the moment of fearing death.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
Sorry to get a little philosophical here, but-

Lori Gottlieb:
No, I love this

Andrew Huberman:
... but I think this unconscious thing, a lot has been made of it. The word means, okay, well, it's happening, but we don't know it's happening. But what are we really afraid of?

Lori Gottlieb:
Right.

Andrew Huberman:
And I do think ultimately we're all just really afraid of death.

Lori Gottlieb:
I don't think we're afraid of death. I think we're afraid of not having lived. So what I mean by that is I think we deny death. We're all sort of death deniers. We know it's out there somewhere, but we don't know when or how it's going to happen, and so we just pretend because there's no real, no pun intended, but deadline.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right? And so we just think sort of we know intellectually we don't have forever, but we kind of think we do. And so when you think about the stages of psychosocial development, you start with these conflicts that you have to work through at every stage of life, and the one where you're sort of the last stage is integrity versus despair. So integrity is if you have lived a life where you don't have a lot of regret, you feel like you lived the kind of life that you wanted, you accomplished the things that you wanted to accomplish for the most part, whether that's relationally, professionally, or some combination there, you have this sense of integrity at the end of your life. If you didn't, you have this sense of despair.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
People who work through that and have integrity are not afraid of death. The people who are in despair are very afraid of death because they have so many regrets, and they can't go back. You don't get a redo. And so I like to, in psychotherapy, really remind people that they need to keep death awareness sitting on one shoulder, not to be morbid, but to actually make you live more fully. If you are aware of death, if you really look death right in the eye, you have more intentionality when you wake up every day. You say, "I don't have forever." So it's not like sometime in the future I might die. It's like you could die today, tomorrow. Anything could happen. And I think when I write about this in my book where I was seeing this woman who was in her early 30s, and she was diagnosed with cancer, and everyone thought she was going to be fine, and then there was this sort of rare recurrence. And she was newly married, and her whole life was turned upside down, and she really made me, as the therapist, look death in the eye in that way. You know how you want to say something like, she was talking about the things that people would say to her because we all have this death denial, and they would say, "Did you get a second opinion?" As if, no, she's not going to get a second opinion about whether she's going to die, right? They'll say things like, "Well, these experimental treatments might work." Anything to deny the reality that she was going to die and very soon, and nobody wanted to sit with her in that, and it was my job to do that. Even her husband had trouble sort of sitting with her in that in the beginning, right? And there was this one moment, this beautiful moment between them that she came in and told me about where he was doing something and trying to relax, and he was a great, incredibly supportive of her. And she came in and said, "Hey, there's this thing, and I read about this, and I want to talk to you about this." And he said, "Can't we just have one night off from cancer?" And she said, "I don't get any nights off from cancer. There's no nights off." Right? And I understand both perspectives on that, but it brought up this beautiful conversation between them that really helped them to think about how much do we let death in, and how much do we let sort of life or whatever's left in, and how do we let death inform the aliveness that we still have? So I think it's really important that-- Why do people stay in relationships too long? Why do they stay in jobs too long? Why do they make choices that are not serving them and that they will later regret? It's because they are in full-blown death denial. And I think when people really acknowledge their mortality, it's one of the most healthy, invigorating things that they can bring into their lives. When people say what is the opposite of depression, it's not happiness, it's vitality.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
And where do we get vitality? From knowing that we have a limited time here, and we get to choose how we spend it.

Andrew Huberman:
I agree 100%. This is something I think about constantly, although I've never looked at it through the lens that you just presented it, and I love what I just learned from you, which is that vitality is the state of being. Vitality is so key. I think about death probably more than I should. Because for a kid who wasn't from the inner city or in the military, I've just had a lot of friends die.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm.

Andrew Huberman:
A lot of suicides, a lot of drug stuff, unfortunately, and all three of my scientific advisors, suicide, cancer, cancer. I was very close with all of them, and I only got to say goodbye to the second one. That was a rough conversation. Anyone that's ever had a conversation with somebody where it's a goodbye conversation.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm.

Andrew Huberman:
I had to do the like, "This is it."

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm.

Andrew Huberman:
And it was brutal, but I don't want to well up. I've cried before on this podcast. I don't feel like doing it today. I don't have a problem with crying from time to time on camera, but I don't want the plot line here to shift too much. But I started, after that conversation, to adopt a practice. I do this Yoga Nidra non-sleep deep rest thing every day for about 10 to 30 minutes, and there's this moment right at the beginning where you're supposed to take a deep breath and then a long exhale to relax your body, and then you go into listening to the script. And ever since that conversation, I've insisted on doing that, and as I do it, I remind myself, "If I'm awake, or if it's not an accident that happens very fast, this is probably what it's going to feel like to die."

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm.

Andrew Huberman:
And so I like this idea of readying myself for death every day as a means to access what you're talking about, which is trying to live better.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right.

Andrew Huberman:
Again, not to be morbid, just try to like yes, I'm a biological vessel. At some point, my body, my brain, or both will just give out, or I'll get bullet buster cancer is kind of what I always say. Something will take me out.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
And there'll be this final

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
And that's it. And the closer that I feel like that we can get to that understanding and be like, "Okay, super scary, and I'm not there now, so I'm going to go back into the world and do the best I can."

Lori Gottlieb:
And it doesn't have to be scary. It sounds like you're aiming toward an acceptance of death.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
Which is, I think, the way that we get motivated to live. So it's not fear of death. That's not what I'm suggesting at all. I don't think we should be afraid of death. I think we should say we get this precious time, however long we get. Everybody gets their own amount of time in this life. And so it's an acceptance of that. It's not a fear of that. And I think about how when people are afraid of death, they do things that are counterproductive. Like a lot of affairs happen in the wake of a death. So a parent dies, and somebody then feels like, "Oh, I don't have a lot of time left. Am I really happy in this relationship? Am I really alive? Am I really living?" And then they go and do something like have an affair because they want that sense of vitality because they're doing it out of fear, not out of, "Oh, I accept that death is a part of our existence, and if I'm not feeling alive, is it because of my relationship or my marriage? Or is it because I am not actively doing things in my life to create that sense of vitality?" So very often in the wake of some kind of brush with death, like some kind of closeness, like maybe you had a brush with death, or maybe a parent died, or someone close to you died, or a friend, or a sibling. So often people act out, and they do these things to create this sense of, "I'm alive," as opposed to saying, "Wait, what do I need to look at in my life that will make me feel more alive that is not self-sabotaging?"

Andrew Huberman:
I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge our sponsor, AG1. AG1 is a vitamin mineral probiotic drink that also contains adaptogens. I started taking AG1 way back in 2012, long before I even knew what a podcast was. I started taking it, and I still take it every single day because it ensures that I meet my quota for daily vitamins and minerals, and it helps make sure that I get enough prebiotics and probiotics to support my gut health. Over the past 10 years, gut health has emerged as something that we realize is important not only for the health of our digestion, but also for our immune system and for the production of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, things like dopamine and serotonin. In other words, gut health is critical for proper brain function. Now, of course, I strive to eat healthy whole foods from unprocessed sources for the majority of my nutritional intake, but there are a number of things in AG1, including specific micronutrients, that are hard or impossible to get from whole foods. So by taking AG1 daily, I get the vitamins and minerals that I need, along with the probiotics and prebiotics for gut health, and in turn, brain and immune system health, and the adaptogens and critical micronutrients that are essential for all organs and tissues of the body. So anytime somebody asks me if they were to only take one supplement what that supplement should be, I always say AG1 because AG1 supports so many different systems in the brain and body that relate to our mental health, physical health, and performance. If you'd like to try AG1, you can go to drinkag1.com/huberman. For this month only, April 2025, AG1 is giving away a free one-month supply of omega-3 fish oil, along with a bottle of vitamin D3 plus K2. As I've highlighted before on this podcast, omega-3 fish oil and vitamin D3 plus K2 have been shown to help with everything from mood and brain health to heart health and healthy hormone production and much more. Again, that's drinkag1.com/huberman to get the free one-month supply of omega-3 fish oil plus a bottle of vitamin D3 plus K2 with your subscription. Today's episode is also brought to us by David. David makes a protein bar unlike any other. It has 28 grams of protein, only 150 calories, and zero grams of sugar. That's right, 28 grams of protein and 75% of its calories come from protein. This is 50% higher than the next closest protein bar. David protein bars also taste amazing. Even the texture is amazing. My favorite bar is the chocolate chip cookie dough, but then again, I also like the new chocolate peanut butter flavor and the chocolate brownie flavor. Basically, I like all the flavors a lot. They're all incredibly delicious. In fact, the toughest challenge is knowing which ones to eat on which days and how many times per day. I limit myself to two per day, but I absolutely love them. With David, I'm able to get 28 grams of protein in the calories of a snack, which makes it easy to hit my protein goals of one gram of protein per pound of body weight per day, and it allows me to do so without ingesting too many calories. I'll eat a David protein bar most afternoons as a snack, and I always keep one with me when I'm out of the house or traveling. They're incredibly delicious, and given that they have 28 grams of protein, they're really satisfying for having just 150 calories. If you'd like to try David, you can go to davidprotein.com/huberman. Again, that's davidprotein.com/huberman. Gosh, so much to go into here. This thing about vitality is so key. A friend recently said to me something. I was talking about how, gosh, there's these certain interactions in life that are like, "Ugh, I feel like they pull me in. I don't like them, and then it just really takes away from what I know I should be doing." And he said, "You know, you have to do things that energize you."

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
And immediately I thought, yes, and be very careful about the things that activate us.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm.

Andrew Huberman:
There's this difference between being activated versus being energized.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
It's a little bit semantic, right? But I feel like something that energizes me is I love cephalopods. I used to have cuttlefish in my lab. I love octopuses, and by the way, it's octopuses is the plural, folks. Not octopi. We'd go into a whole thing here, but I won't. And looking at one of those guys or gals solving a puzzle, that just energizes me in a way. I feel it in my body. It's energy that I can use for other things. It's like an inspiration for me.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
And there are many other things that do that. And then there are things that activate us, like where it's like a stress response. It's arousal, but it's negative valence.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right. It's draining.

Andrew Huberman:
It's like pulling and it's taking from these things that energize us. And I feel like being able to notice those subtleties is hard in real time, but I feel like vitality is about the things that energize us.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right. And so when you talk about that draining kind of activation, sometimes what we do when that happens is we go numb, right?

Andrew Huberman:
Mm.

Lori Gottlieb:
So we don't want to feel anything. So there's this great expression that the scrolling through the internet when people mindlessly do that-

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm

Lori Gottlieb:
... a colleague of mine said it's the most effective non-prescription painkiller out there.

Andrew Huberman:
Can you repeat that? Because I want people to understand this.

Lori Gottlieb:
So yeah. So it's the most effective non-prescription painkiller out there, right? And so it's interesting when you think about numbness, because people think that numbness is the absence of feelings, but actually numbness is the sense of being overwhelmed by too many feelings, and so you're shutting down. So when people say, "Oh, I'm numb. I'm not feeling anything," actually, you're feeling so much and you're feeling flooded. You're feeling overwhelmed. And so we need to figure out what are you feeling. So it's actually a state of arousal that you can't handle, and so then you're shutting down. But it's not that you're not having feelings. You're having so many feelings that you can't tolerate it. People say, "Oh, I'm feeling numb. I'm feeling nothing." No. We need to figure out what is so overwhelming to your nervous system right now.

Andrew Huberman:
My gosh, that's so important. I hope people will listen to that 100 times. Because we've heard so much about dopamine hits that I think people have lost sight of the fact that when you're online and you're just awash in all this information and videos, you're not getting those hits. You're in the post-dopamine hit trough.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
And we've been there for a long period of time unless we're judicious about our use of social media, an hour or 30 minutes or 15 minutes, whatever it is. But hours upon hours, there's no dopamine hit anymore. The peak is gone. You're in the trough. And that's why it feels kind of like, how did all that time go by?

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
The importance of this really can't be overstated. I think that we hear so much about fight or flight-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm

Andrew Huberman:
... and the stress response that I think people forget that another component of the stress response, of drama, of being awash in all this information, and movies, and politics, and violence, and sex, and all that stuff coming at us at once as we just scroll our thumbs, is this thing of bradycardia. There's this phenomenon where when we're stressed, our heart rate actually slows down.

Lori Gottlieb:
Freezes.

Andrew Huberman:
And that's the kind of numbing, and you're just kind of blanking out. And I think that's a lot of what people are starting to experience with a lot of high drama input.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah. I see that in couples a lot, where they come in and one person is saying, "I feel nothing. I don't know what this other person's so upset about." Right? And then when you really get into it, it's like this person's feeling all kinds of things. And it's really important that we understand when we are shut down versus when we are calm. Those are two very different states.

Andrew Huberman:
Could you go into that a little bit further?

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah. Well, here's an example. So a couple comes in, let's say it's a heterosexual couple, but it could be any couple. Often it is the woman in the couple who will say something to her partner like, "I just feel like I can't reach you. I feel like we're very disconnected. I'd want you to tell me how you feel." And because of our cultural stigma around men showing emotion He has told himself, "Yeah, this bothers me," or, "That bothers me," or, "I'm unhappy in this way, but I don't feel anything. I'm fine. Our marriage is good." So he doesn't even understand why he's there, and he thinks he's there for her because she insisted on it. And so when we finally get to maybe something that he's feeling and he finally does open up, it's so interesting because maybe he's sharing something very vulnerable, or maybe he tears up a little bit, so you can tell, your body will tell you what you're feeling, even if you aren't aware of it. You see, okay, there's some moisture there in his eyes, or maybe a tear falls, or maybe he actually starts crying. And her reaction and her whole reason for bringing him in was, "I need you to open up to me. I want to feel connected to you. I want to understand your inner life more." Well, he does it, and she then looks at me like a deer in headlights, like, "Oh, wow. I don't feel safe when he doesn't open up to me, but I also don't feel safe when he's being vulnerable in this way." And these are gender stereotypes that we think we might not fall prey to, but we do. And so it's so interesting that often men are the ones who seem numb or calm, right, which are two, again, very different things, in the relationship. But that's not really the case. It's that there's no room for him to express anything, so he has to push everything down, probably, again, outside of his awareness. And then the couple feels disconnected, and both of them are unhappy.

Andrew Huberman:
This idea that more words means more emotional- ... I don't buy it.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah, exactly. It's interesting because men will come in if I'm seeing them alone, and they'll often say something like, "I've never told anyone this before." And they literally mean, "I've never told anyone this before." Because when men hang out, it's not the same sort of level of let's talk, talk, talk, talk, talk, talk, talk, right? Women will come in and say something like, "I've never told anyone this before except for my mother, my sister, my best friend."

Andrew Huberman:
Right.

Lori Gottlieb:
So they've told maybe one, two, or three people, but they feel like they haven't told anyone-

Andrew Huberman:
Noted

Lori Gottlieb:
... because for women, that's kind of not telling anyone.

Andrew Huberman:
Well, now you have people concerned. So if a woman says to me, "I didn't tell anyone," that means she only told four people?

Lori Gottlieb:
I don't mean secrets.

Andrew Huberman:
No, I'm just kidding.

Lori Gottlieb:
I don't mean secrets.

Andrew Huberman:
I'm just kidding.

Lori Gottlieb:
I mean something about themselves-

Andrew Huberman:
Yeah

Lori Gottlieb:
... where they feel maybe hesitant to share that, or they feel ashamed about that, or they're not sure about something. So you can see that difference. But I also think it happens very early. So I'm the mom of a boy, he's now a teenager, but it's interesting because I didn't notice this till I was raising a boy, and I grew up with a brother, but I didn't notice it, that when he, let's say, he would fall on the playground, right, at two or three years old. Everybody would say to him or the boys around him, "Oh, it's fine. Brush it off. You're good, you're good." Right? Even if he was in pain. And if a girl falls and she's in pain, they're like, "Oh, honey, come here. How are you? Let's see. How are you feeling about this? Are you hurt? Are you okay?" So very early on, they get these messages like girls can talk about it, boys can't talk about it. I remember when my son was a basketball player in high school, and this was in actually middle school, and in a practice, he got pushed down, and his arm was not right. And everyone was like, "Get back up. It's fine." Well, his arm is hanging off, right? And so I was like, "No, I think he needs to go to the ER." And of course, he was mortified that I said that. But in fact, he had broken his arm. So that's the difference. If a girl had fallen down and her arm was like that, people would say, "Oh, why don't you get it checked out?" So what happens when these people get into adult relationships, and this was what they were told about words and talking about things? You really see those differences. But the other thing I want to say about words is women are brought up to think that whenever you have a feeling, you should share it. And my response to that is no. And people say, "What do you mean? You're a therapist. What do you mean don't share your feelings?" You don't need to share every thought or feeling that crosses your mind unfiltered with your partner. That is not healthy communication. Healthy communication means we have filters, and we get to think about, and we call it mentalizing, how will what I'm about to say land on the other person? It's not like you're regurgitating all of your thoughts onto the other person, and they're just supposed to deal with them. It's about relationally thinking, how will this person respond to that? Not like you have to take care of their feelings, but is it kind? Is it true? Is it useful? Does it meet those three criteria? And if it doesn't, why am I talking? Why am I sharing this?

Andrew Huberman:
You said it, not me. But I'll wager a theory-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... that I think that some people, when they feel something, the relief that comes from evacuating-

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah

Andrew Huberman:
... that feeling or trying to evacuate it with words feels reflexively better to them than sitting with it internally.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right.

Andrew Huberman:
So I think people, when they feel an emotion, I think sometimes they feel like if they just talk about it or evacuate it, then they get rid of it. But they forget that it has an impact.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yes.

Andrew Huberman:
Right?

Lori Gottlieb:
Yes. And what you're talking about is projective identification, so projection ... is when you're feeling angry about something. Say your boss did something to you at work and they upset you in some way, or they were unkind, and you're angry about, or they going to make you work all night, and you're really pissed about that. So you're angry, so you come home and you end up yelling at your partner. So you're projecting. You're really mad at your boss, but all of a sudden you're yelling at your partner. You're angry at your partner. That's projection. You're projecting one feeling about someone onto a different person that had nothing to do with the situation. Projective identification is a psychological process where you actually insert your feeling into the other person. So you're angry about something that happened at work. It's not that you are now angry at your partner, it's that you make your partner angry. It's like a hot potato. You take your feelings and you toss them to someone else because you can't tolerate the discomfort of that feeling. So I don't want to deal with the feeling, so I'm going to say something to you that's going to make you angry. And now they have to hold all the anger. You feel great. You're fine because you're not holding the anger anymore. And now they're the ones who can't sleep. They're the ones who are upset. They're the ones who have to deal with what you couldn't tolerate. So again, we have to think about why are we saying what we're saying? Can we be more intentional about how we communicate? Which doesn't mean you have to walk through a minefield. It just means that you have to be more aware of your feeling state and owning your feeling state and making sure that you aren't using other people in your environment to release your feeling state to something else. That you need to learn how you can shift your own feeling state to one that feels better for you.

Andrew Huberman:
I love that. I realized recently that thinking is something that we can practice.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
For all the tools and protocols that I've talked about on this podcast and elsewhere, like physiological size and morning sunlight and working out and zone two cardio and cold and all the things, I realized recently, spending five minutes just thinking about something-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm

Andrew Huberman:
... and really trying to work through it linearly, like a challenge, like a life challenge, is so valuable. And I didn't come up with this on my own. I now have a practice of when something feels irritating or activating, I'll just stop, put everything away, and I'll just sit and think, "What's going on here?" And inevitably, there's some growth and understanding at the end of that. But it's hard work to think, "What's going on here? Am I activated because it's true? Am I activated because it's false?"

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
Having to sort all that, you might think, "Well, who has the time for this?" But actually, I would argue you don't have the time to not do it.

Lori Gottlieb:
I think that's the difference between reacting and responding. So often what we do is we react to something, and that's not processed, not thought through. And again, like you're saying, it doesn't have to take a long time to just even count to five and breathe and see. Because reacting means acting again. So you are normally, when you're reacting, and it's like that zero to 60, you're acting on something that happened in the past, and you're layering it on to whatever's happening in the present. So you're having a big reaction to something. We like to say if it's hysterical, it's historical. Meaning, and by hysterical, I mean if you're having a big reaction, there's probably something from your past, some reaction that is visceral to you that you're having that is getting layered on to this current situation, experience, problem, and you don't realize it. So that's reacting. You're acting again. You're acting on something that happened in the past. If it's hysterical, it's historical. Responding is, "I'm going to take a breath. I'm having a big reaction. I'm going to sit for a minute," again, regulating your nervous system, "and now I can kind of think about this differently." So we need space between... There's that famous Viktor Frankl quote of, "Between stimulus and response, there is a space, and in that space lies our choice and our freedom." That's a paraphrase of it. But you need that space between the stimulus, whatever the thing is that activated you, and your response. So that's the difference between reacting and responding.

Andrew Huberman:
I totally agree, and yet life happens in real time.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
Parents with kids, they got to pick them up, and they're working, and there's stuff coming through on the phone. My question is, do you think nowadays there's too much communication bombardment through text, social media, phone, and real life that we've eliminated all the space?

Lori Gottlieb:
I think what we've eliminated is there's so much more space in a face-to-face conversation. So when I have young therapy clients who are maybe in their early 20s, and I had one client who was telling me this story in therapy a while ago, and now I understand what this means, but this was several years ago, and she was telling it like this. She had her thumbs in the air, and she said, "And then I said, and then he said, and then I said," and I'm thinking, "What is she doing?" And then I realized, I said, "Wait, you had this conversation on text?" And she said, "Yes, and it was a really important conversation." And I was trying to explain to her why they were missing certain cues. They were missing what it feels like to be in the space together. They were missing the experience of looking in each other's eyes, of seeing facial expressions and body language. And she said, "Oh, no, but we also used emojis." And I had to explain to her why an emoji does not replace face-to-face interaction. Face-to-face interaction slows you down. You can just text anything, and you don't realize there's another person at the other side of this on their phone who is reacting to your reaction. And I think that this is when we go back to comment sections, we don't realize that there's another person out there. We know that. But when there are so many times that we would have a very different kind of conversation with our partner, with family members, with friends, in our workplace, in comment sections, if we could remember that there's a human there. And the easiest way to do that is to see someone like this, looking across the table at you. We can't always do that, but I think when you're having important conversations, that we should remember, wait, this probably isn't appropriate to talk about on text, even though people think that, well, of course, it's so much more efficient. Actually, it's not, because now you're going to have conflict, now you're going to have misunderstandings, and now you're going to spend all this time trying to repair the rupture that just happened because you had the conversation on text.

Andrew Huberman:
I refuse to argue over text.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yes.

Andrew Huberman:
I just won't have an argument over text.

Lori Gottlieb:
And I'll say to people, because I have a client and he says, "Well, I just get pulled into it with my girlfriend." And I'm like, "Really? Does somebody have a gun to your head?" Right? And this is where I think change-- We talk about what we want to accomplish in therapy, and it's change. It's not just coming in and downloading the problem of the week and leaving, and downloading the problem of the week again and leaving. I like to say that insight is the booby prize of therapy, that you can have all the insight in the world, but if you don't make change out in the world, the insight is useless. So someone will say, "Oh, I got into that argument with my," whoever, "my partner over the weekend." And I'll say, "Well, did you do something different?" And they'll say, "Well, no, but I understand why." Great. That's good that you understand why, but you need to do something different, because we're all doing this dance with someone else, right? And if you change your dance steps... So people say, "I want the other person to change." And I say, "Well, you can't change the other person, but you can influence the other person by making changes yourself." So if you change your dance steps, the other person will either have to change their dance steps, too, because you're not doing that old dance with them anymore, or they'll leave the dance floor. And people are so afraid the person will leave the dance floor, and it's like, well, if they're not going to dance with you in a way that is the kind of relationship that you want, it's okay that they leave the dance floor. Go find someone who will dance with you in the way you want to dance.

Andrew Huberman:
When it comes to behavioral change-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... are you a fan of small one-degree turns? Or I'll propose an alternative, not as a counter, but just to explore next. But do you encourage your clients-- Do you call them patients or clients, by the way?

Lori Gottlieb:
Either.

Andrew Huberman:
Okay.

Lori Gottlieb:
I don't think either is a good word. I think it's so interesting because I think that we're just humans, and I don't mean to sound all woo-woo about this, but I really feel like the relationship that you have in that room, it's so unique, and I have not figured out a way to describe it, and I don't think client or patient quite does it, but for simplicity's sake, we use either.

Andrew Huberman:
Okay. Thank you. I've always wondered about that. Do you recommend that your clients make specific subtle changes, behavioral changes after they have an insight, or maybe even before they have an insight?

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm. I think the reason that people have so much trouble changing is because the step that they've chosen is too big of a step to take at once, that you need small, manageable steps. And I think people also forget, this is why New Year's resolutions tend not to last very long, because change is a process. And there's a chapter in my book called "How Humans Change," and I think it's so important for people to understand that there are stages of change. And it starts with pre-contemplation, where you don't even realize that you're thinking about making a change. You think something's not right, but I don't really need to change. Something's just not right in the world. It's my partner, it's my child, it's my whoever, right? Then there's contemplation, which is, oh, maybe I could make a change, but I'm not quite ready to do it. And that's when people usually, they come to therapy somewhere around pre-contemplation. They're kind of between pre-contemplation and contemplation. Something's not right. They come to therapy. We get them to contemplation, which is like, "Oh, maybe I'm contemplating making some changes." And then there's preparation, which is you're taking some steps to prepare for the change. So it's not like I'm going to dive into the deep end of the pool. It's like, oh, maybe I need to take some swimming lessons, or maybe I need to get a swimsuit, or maybe I need whatever it is. I need to prepare to make this change. And then there's action, where you actually make the change. And people think that's the last step. That's action. No. The last stage is maintenance. And maintenance is how do you maintain the change? And maintenance does not mean that you are perfectly maintaining the change. It's more like Chutes and Ladders, if you remember that game, where you go up and then you go down. You can make mistakes during this time because you're forming a new habit. You're forming a new way of being. And until it becomes familiar, going back to our discussion about how the familiar feels really good to us and the unfamiliar feels really scary, the new thing will take a while to feel familiar. So let's say that you say, "I'm going to eat healthy, and that means that I'm not going to eat an entire Häagen-Dazs or something when I'm sad, that I'm going to do something different." Well, sometimes when you're sad, you might do that again. But then you don't self-flagellate. So it's not like, "Oh, it failed, so forget it. I failed, and I'm not able to make this change." No. Or you don't say, "Oh, I'm so terrible, and that was awful, and I'm so weak." Self-flagellation is not helpful. Imagine if your kid came to you, and they said, "I did really poorly on this test." Are you going to say, "You're so stupid. What's wrong with you?" No. You're going to say, "Well, let's talk about what happened." And they might say, "I needed help, and I was embarrassed to ask," or, "I didn't understand it," or, "I didn't study. I messed up. I should've studied, and I didn't study." Okay, well, what are you going to do differently next time? Let's come up with a plan. So you need to have, just like you'd have some compassion for your child and hold them accountable Both. It's hard to hold yourself accountable when you self-flagellate. In the short term, you can, but it doesn't last because it feels so unpleasant. You're just sort of bathing in shame. What you need is self-compassion, and actually, if you have more compassion for yourself, you're more able to hold yourself accountable. So you can say, "Oh, you know what happened? I was feeling really sad. I had this whole pint of Häagen-Dazs, but it's okay that I was sad, and there's another way to do this. So next time when I'm sad, I didn't have enough support, so I'm going to call a friend next time." Oh, self-compassion with accountability. Or, "I'm not going to keep the Häagen-Dazs in the house because I know that when I'm sad, I'm susceptible to that. Maybe one day I'll be able to do it, but right now I'm not going to keep that." But there's something else I can do, which is, I really feel like for me, self-compassion is related to, I'm going to give myself a treat. So maybe my treat is I'm going to have a healthy snack that I like, or maybe my treat is I'm going to go to a movie, or whatever it is. But you have to figure out what works for you, and what works for other people might not work for you. So it takes a little bit of experimenting. So maintenance is this kind of experimentation, but having self-compassion with accountability until you find a system that works for you and the new thing becomes a habit, it becomes familiar, and the thing that you used to do becomes unfamiliar and doesn't feel good anymore.

Andrew Huberman:
I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge one of our sponsors, LMNT. LMNT is an electrolyte drink that has everything you need but nothing you don't. That means the electrolytes, sodium, magnesium, and potassium, all in the correct ratios, but no sugar. Proper hydration is critical for optimal brain and body function. Even a slight degree of dehydration can diminish cognitive and physical performance. It's also important that you get adequate electrolytes. The electrolytes, sodium, magnesium, and potassium, are vital for the functioning of all the cells in your body, especially your neurons or your nerve cells. Drinking LMNT dissolved in water makes it extremely easy to ensure that you're getting adequate hydration and adequate electrolytes. To make sure that I'm getting proper amounts of hydration and electrolytes, I dissolve one packet of LMNT in about 16 to 32 ounces of water when I wake up in the morning, and I drink that basically first thing in the morning. I also drink LMNT dissolved in water during any kind of physical exercise that I'm doing, especially on hot days when I'm sweating a lot, and therefore losing a lot of water and electrolytes. They have a bunch of different great-tasting flavors of LMNT. They have watermelon, citrus, et cetera. Frankly, I love them all. If you'd like to try LMNT, you can go to drinklmnt.com/huberman to claim a free LMNT sample pack with the purchase of any LMNT drink mix. Again, that's drinklmnt.com/huberman to claim a free sample pack. Yeah, for so many years, the field of popular psychology was obsessed with, how long does it take to make a change? It was like 28 days, and then it was like 90. As somebody who studies neuroplasticity, I can tell you that there's one-trial learning, you'll never go back, and there's stuff that takes years. It just depends on the intensity and the consequences, right? And even with consequences, anyone that's seen somebody relapse from drugs so many times over, clearly they're working with more complicated dynamics there. I think that this notion of reinforcing change is super key. I'm really glad you raised that. I want to ask, I don't know how to phrase this. As a counterpoint or as an alternative?

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
There we go. As an alternative to one-degree shifts or-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
I'm somebody that always benefited from deadlines.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
I love deadlines. A deadline is how I get things done. If there's a grant deadline, a paper deadline, deadlines work.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
And even if you don't meet them, it's great to see how far off you were, if you did your absolute best and the mistakes you made to lead to the place where you didn't complete things in time. I love deadlines and I love rules.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
And so I've become a pretty strict rule enforcer for myself in my life. And I think one of the rules that's really helped me in recent times with vis-à-vis relationships has been no drama. Just none. None. I don't tolerate any drama. But that's rigid, I realize, but it's helpful.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
Far happier than I've ever been, truly, in large part because of that. No drama. But the thing that I had to accept with a hard rule like that is that I'm going to lose people.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
So earlier you said that this patient-client, maybe he doesn't have to put up, maybe there's somebody better for him. There's someone else out there that they don't have to deal with. I think that one of the things that I notice in my own past and with others that I know struggling with a dynamic with people, typically it's romantic relationships, but could be anything, is you have to be willing to let go. You can't always resolve the conflict. And I find that a lot of people, maybe it's this childhood thing, they feel like they have to remain on great terms, or they have to stay friends, or they have to put a bow on it. And I so admire the people in life that are like, "Yeah, that didn't work. Done." Because I look at the time wasted-

Lori Gottlieb:
Yes

Andrew Huberman:
... and I think that in our desire to make everything kind of okay in the end-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... we burn valuable life energy and incredibly valuable time. And so some people might hear no drama and think, well, you're going to lose a bunch of people. And I will. I certainly will. Or they'll rise to the occasion or whatever you want to call it. But I have a full life of many people with whom I have zero drama and wonderful relationships.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right.

Andrew Huberman:
So I'm full. My dance card's full.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right.

Andrew Huberman:
But I'd rather, I feel so firm about this, given the peace that it's brought me-

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah

Andrew Huberman:
... that I realized like, yeah, I may never talk to that person again. I might, I might not.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right.

Andrew Huberman:
But at the first hint of drama, I'm done. And I think it's because I forced so much suffering on myself for so long of trying to resolve these things that clearly wouldn't work, and I don't know, I feel immense freedom from it.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
But I think I hear this with other people like, "Oh yeah, but they're going to change," or, "He's going to stop drinking," or, not referring to me, I'm not a drinker, but there's a hard and fast-- I quit drinking. Didn't have a problem with it, but I just was like-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... I'm done with alcohol. Just like that, relationship's over. And they just cling to this thing that it's got to-- They just won't let go.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
And what is that about? Why do we hold onto the thing that doesn't work, even if we know we're not going to stay with it?

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
What is this obsession?

Lori Gottlieb:
It's interesting. So, I'm thinking about how when you say no drama, what does that actually mean? And it's really important because when you look at why people who are most satisfied with their lives, what is it about their lives? They're surrounded by people that they feel good about. Now, let me be clear about what that means. So, we talk about this concept of idiot compassion versus wise compassion.

Andrew Huberman:
Idiot compassion?

Lori Gottlieb:
Idiot compassion.

Andrew Huberman:
I love that phrase.

Lori Gottlieb:
Idiot compassion-

Andrew Huberman:
I don't even know what it means, and I love it already.

Lori Gottlieb:
So idiot compassion is what if you surround yourself with people who are only going to validate your experience. When you say no drama, that's not necessarily a great thing. So like for example, let's say that someone says to her friends like, "I don't understand why he broke up with me," or, "I don't understand why this keeps happening to me," and your friend's like, "No, you go girl. He's wrong, you're right," whatever, or, "My partner's doing this," and we tend to kind of feel like our job as a friend is to support the position of our friends. That's idiot compassion. Wise compassion is what you get in therapy, where we say, "What might be going on here?" It's kind of like if a fight breaks out in every bar you're going to, maybe it's you. We don't say that to our friends in idiot compassion.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm.

Lori Gottlieb:
Okay? So think about that. So is it that you want no drama, meaning you want your friends to kind of back up everything you're saying? You're not going to grow as a person. You're not going to hear what you need to hear. The friends you want to surround yourself with are people who will tell you the truth in a kind, respectful way, and that you're willing to hear it. So some people think that it would be drama if their friends kind of called them on their bullshit, right?

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
That's not drama. So that's a healthy, communicative, open, honest relationship.

Andrew Huberman:
Yeah. I agree, by the way. I think that my definition of drama is when challenging things are presented in a way that's not an effort to resolve.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right.

Andrew Huberman:
What I'm talking about is evacuative expression.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
And I'm sort of chuckling on the inside, too, about this thing about friends. I would say my group of friends is, they're amazing. I'm blessed with incredible friends and friendships. I'm so blessed. I only wish I had more time for all of them. We're pretty hard on each other in terms of being very blunt, very like, "That was dumb." This may be more male specific kind of language. Like, "That was dumb."

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm. Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
Like, "Why'd you do that? That was super stupid." Or, "Yeah, don't be an idiot. Don't do it again." Or, "No, I totally disagree." That's a lot of the exchange in-

Lori Gottlieb:
Right

Andrew Huberman:
... my friend group. I would say maybe it's just the culture I grew up in, in academia, very little validation.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
Validation isn't a big part of it. But I am also surrounded by people that are very self-critical.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
So it's sort of inherent to the way they work-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... in their work, in their relationships, in their life, in their fitness. Like pretty much everyone's pretty get after it.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right. What I'm talking about is when people say no drama, what they mean is, "Don't bring anything up." Right?

Andrew Huberman:
Mm.

Lori Gottlieb:
"Don't challenge anything. Don't bring anything to my attention that maybe needs to be brought to my attention because I could be better in this relationship."

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
To me, I think what you're talking about is volatility, which is drama, right? Like, can you express the thing you want to express in a way that feels like an invitation or like it comes from a place of curiosity as opposed to blame? So often people will come at the person and say, "You did this," as opposed to, "I was confused by what happened back there. What happened? Why did you make that choice?" Or, "What happened between us here? Can we talk about that?" So you're being curious about the other person's experience as opposed to blaming the other person and assuming their intentions or why they did something or something about their character. So drama tends to be from all the assumptions. Like, "I know that my truth is the right story." That's how you would come at that, right? "And yours, you were wrong." And I think it's so interesting because people come to therapy with these faulty narratives. We're all storytellers. We all try to make sense of something, and we all believe that our story is the absolute accurate version of the story. And it's actually, it's so funny when you see couples, and they were part of the same experience, and they have wildly different versions, and then there's some part where the Venn diagram overlaps, and then finally they can see, oh, that person's not a bad person. They were coming at it because in their story, they believed this. And that's so important. So drama happens when assumptions are made. People characterize the other person's story as inaccurate, their own story as accurate, and then there's no space for curiosity or connection. It's all rupture, no repair.

Andrew Huberman:
As you're saying this, I realized what I mean by drama-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... because it's a very broad term.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
And I come from a background where my dad's from South America, my mom's from New York. So, emotive expression is not what I'm referring to, right?

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
People being passionate about something or even angry about something, or even having a problem like, "Hey, that didn't feel good."

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
That's not what I'm referring to. I realized, as you were saying it, what it is that gets me. It's when, that I put under the category-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... of drama, for which I have zero tolerance for, unless you can convince me otherwise, is when people dynamite the mine on the way out. It's-

Lori Gottlieb:
Yes

Andrew Huberman:
... "I'm telling you how much this sucks. This is how I feel," or, "This is what you did," and then I'm inaccessible.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
And-

Lori Gottlieb:
Right

Andrew Huberman:
... so they're not really interested. It's this evacuative expression-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... or projection-

Lori Gottlieb:
Right

Andrew Huberman:
... as you said. That's what I'm defining as drama. That, to me, is far and away different than saying, "Hey, listen, this sucked. Can you think about this? Can we talk about this? Andrew, you screwed up." Like, "Okay, great. Let's figure it out."

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
Absolutely. But it's this, I'm rolling a grenade in the door, and I'm out of here.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right.

Andrew Huberman:
That, to me, is the one that I'm like, I'm too old for that shit. Yeah.

Lori Gottlieb:
The silent treatment is actually incredibly aggressive and hostile. People think that the loud one is the problem in the relationship. Sometimes the silent one-

Andrew Huberman:
Mm

Lori Gottlieb:
... is the one who's the problem. Is the person who smiles through everything and doesn't really say anything, but they're being so passive-aggressive.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm.

Lori Gottlieb:
Or the person who then, as you said, detonates the bomb and then goes silent, and that's their punishment. They're punishing you by not talking to you for a day or two or three.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm.

Lori Gottlieb:
That's incredibly hostile.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm.

Lori Gottlieb:
And the other way that people do that is you bring up something in a nice way to someone, and here's how they create drama, and that they're shutting something down. They're shutting down any possibility of communication, is every time you bring up something to them, they cry. Now, people don't like it when I say this. They say, as a therapist, they should be able to feel sad or hurt when someone brings up something, and they should be able to cry. And I'm saying, no, sometimes crying is a manipulation.

Andrew Huberman:
Hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
You can manipulate someone. So I'll see a couple, and one person will bring up something, let's say, like, "When you do this," or, "This hurts me," or, "I don't like this," or, "I need more help with this," and the person cries. Like, "You're hurting my feelings. This is..." As opposed to saying, this person is trying to communicate with you. You're going to have feelings about it, but there's a manipulative way in which people will cry every time or many times, and it shuts down any possibility of communication. And so we have to say, "What are you doing here?" Every time you cry, then the other person feels like, well, I can't bring this up because I'm hurting my partner, and now we can never have communication because if I bring something up, I'm in a catch-22. If I don't bring it up, we have a problem. If I bring it up, you're going to say I'm hurting your feelings, and then I have to stop, so I have to be extra careful, and I don't know. There's no way to move forward here.

Andrew Huberman:
So what do you do in that instance?

Lori Gottlieb:
We have to talk about the functionality of the crying. Why is it so hard for you to hear something that your partner is saying? Do you feel blamed? Do you feel shame? Shame is something that we avoid at all costs, right? No one wants to feel that. Do you feel like this person is making a global statement when they're not, that they're saying you're a bad person, as opposed to what you did here was bad? So there's a difference between who you are and what you did. And often we paint with a big brush when we're trying to communicate with our partners. Like, you're bad, as opposed to that thing that you did, that was not good. That thing you did was bad, but you inherently are not a bad person. And we tend to tell our partners in all kinds of ways that they're bad people when they do something that displeases us. We have to be really careful about separating what they did from who they are, and we need to do that with ourselves. So often we do something, and then we feel so much shame around what we did, and we say, "Oh, I'm a terrible person," as opposed to, "I did something that doesn't align with who I want to be. It doesn't align with actually who I am." And that's good that you feel bad about it, because if we didn't have guilt, right? So guilt is a good, positive feeling. Shame, nothing comes from shame. We just tend to sort of retreat from shame. Guilt is great. Guilt is saying you're not a sociopath. Guilt is saying, "What I did did not align with the person that I am. So I am a good person. I did something that felt not aligned with that, and so I need to be aware that it's good that I feel guilt. If I didn't feel guilt, that would say something about my character. But the fact that I do feel guilt means that I'm willing to look at myself, and I'm willing to do something different, and I'm willing to make a change."

Andrew Huberman:
And here I'm making a bunch of assumptions. I wonder if the crying is pre-programmed in some people because it's what was able to elicit sympathy and protect them. Like if they didn't do it, that they'd get hit, or if they didn't do it, the bombardment would continue.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah, absolutely. Everything we do is for self-preservation, and we're just not aware of it. We want to avoid pain at all costs. And so even though a lot of what we do to avoid pain creates more pain, but that's not our intent. So anything that, when people-- There's somebody that I write about in my book who comes off as very unlikable at the beginning of the book, and people say, "Why did you even take him into your practice? Why did you work with him? Why did you treat him?" And when they get to the end of the book, not to spoil everything, but he's probably the person they love the best. And it's because I'm looking at that person's actions as they're coming from a place of he's protecting himself from pain. So he's an asshole to everybody because it doesn't let anybody in. It doesn't let him have the possibility of being hurt again because he was terribly hurt. And so, we say hurt people hurt people. What are they doing? They're protecting themselves from more pain because if they let themselves be vulnerable, they're exposed to the possibility of pain, and they don't want that.

Andrew Huberman:
Are there some people for whom therapy just ain't going to help?

Lori Gottlieb:
Yes. People who are not willing to self-reflect.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm.

Lori Gottlieb:
And it's hard, right? I think a lot of people come to therapy, and they say, "I want something to change," but what they want to change is something else or someone else. And you, again, can influence that. You can't change another person. Before people come to couples therapy with me, I ask them to each separately come up with the one thing that they want to work on about themselves.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm.

Lori Gottlieb:
So it's not what do you want to change in your partner, it's if you were going to be the best possible version of yourself in a relationship, what is the one thing that you really want to work on in our couples work together? "Well, no, I want to work on things, but I really need the other person..." No, wait a minute. I won't even see them in the room until they each have a very clear sense of, "This is the thing that I want to work on." Now, that might change over time, depending on what we uncover, but they need to come in with a goal. We all know that there's something about ourselves that we could do better at in a relationship. And so what is that thing? What do you want to work on? And if the other person happens to change, great. If they don't, that's good information, too. But you're not coming in because you think the other person's going to change. You're coming in to grow on your own, and you're growing in the context of this relationship, but you are doing some personal growth in the couples. I happen to think couples therapy moves us along faster individually than individual therapy does.

Andrew Huberman:
Interesting.

Lori Gottlieb:
Because in individual therapy, you're telling a story. It's your perspective. I have to, as the therapist, intuit what else might be going on out there. In couples therapy, I see how this person reacts with other people. Now, I can see that in the therapeutic relationship individually. This is a microcosm of how they interact out there. But I'm different from the people they interact with out there because of the nature of the therapeutic relationship. So there will be what we call transference, where they transfer some of their feelings about other people into the relationship with the therapist, and that gives me a really good idea of how they interact out there.

Andrew Huberman:
Could you give me an example of transference-

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah

Andrew Huberman:
... positive and negative?

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah. So, let's say that I say something, and it turns out that they felt criticized. Well, it could be that I said something in a critical way, maybe. Entirely possible. It could be that they have kind of transferred feelings about a parent onto me, if I happen to be the age of their parent, or similar to, or if there's enough of an age difference between us. And they heard something that was meant to be compassionate, but it was also true and something they need to look at, but they heard it as criticism. Sometimes you transfer, there's romantic transference. People get romantically attached to their therapist, and you have to be able to talk about that. Obviously, you have very clear boundaries. Nothing can ever happen, all that. But it's okay to bring that up. People think I'm not allowed to say that, "I have these feelings." And then we deal with them, and we see how we can talk through that. And it's generally not that the person wants to get with you. It's really more about what it means to feel romantically loved-

Andrew Huberman:
Mm

Lori Gottlieb:
... or what it means to be loved in general, and that they put a romantic veneer over that. So, love is so complicated, and it's so multifaceted. So there's that kind of transference that happens. But I think with couples, when I say you need to be able to work on something that if you were to be the best possible version of yourself in this relationship, what would you want to work on? It might be, "I need to self-regulate better." It might be, "I need to be less needy of the other." In other words, a lot of people think that their partner needs to be everything. "You need to telepathically read my mind, and if you don't, you don't care. You need to intuit what I wanted to do for my birthday. And if you didn't, then you don't really know me." And these sound like kind of extreme, almost immature examples, but these are the kinds of things that people get caught up in. And I'm giving the highest level of that, but they can be much more nuanced and much deeper. And so, I think that people, you asked who cannot be helped, people who are not willing to self-reflect and look at themselves.

Andrew Huberman:
I love that statement you made, which is if people are coming to therapy, they need to ask about the change they want to make in themselves.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah. And what their role is and what is not going the way they want in their lives. And this isn't about blaming them for the problem at all. It's about saying there might be some truly difficult situations out there. You might have a parent with mental health issues, and what are you going to do about that? You probably aren't going to change the fact that they have mental health issues. But your reaction can change. So you can do something different. We can talk about what that might look like. You can not engage in that dance. You can set boundaries. There are different ways to make choices about that. There are sort of societal things that we can't change, but what can you do so that you feel like you have agency in the world? Because we all have agency to some degree. So where do we find that agency as opposed to going into this helpless, I'm the victim position? And people don't like to hear that. They say, "What kind of therapist are you, calling people victims?" I'm not saying people are victims. I'm saying people have the mindset that they don't have agency, and then they become victims. But when you realize that you have agency, you realize, well, there are really difficult people, things, circumstances in the world, but I get to choose how to respond to them.

Andrew Huberman:
Going back to this thing about texting, how many of the challenges that people present to you in your office these days ... incorporates or starts with, "Yeah, so I got this text" versus, "Somebody came to me or called me, and we had a hard interaction, or we had a conversation, or something happened at work." How much of it is in the digital world nowadays?

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah. So here's what's interesting about texting, is so many times people will come in and they'll say, "We had this conversation on text." And I'll say, "Can you show me the conversation?" Which people think, why would you do that? Why wouldn't you want to hear the narrative from that person? Well, I just heard the narrative, but I want to see what was actually said, because they're like, "Well, I don't really know," or, "Let me read you what they said." But I want to see what both parts of that were. And then the person can see, oh, here's how I contributed to that, or here's a choice that I made in that moment. Again, I prefer that these conversations that people have are face-to-face conversations when they're about something in the relationship. Text is great for your dailiness of, "Hey, look what I had for lunch," or, "How you doing?" Or, "I love you," or whatever, right? Or, "Can you pick up the kid?" But when you're having some kind of, again, rupture or conflict between you, that's not a text conversation, but many people will do that on text. And then now we have a record. So it's not just like what my client is saying to me, it's like this is how the conversation actually went down. We have a transcript of it, and it's really helpful for people to be able to look at that transcript.

Andrew Huberman:
I agree. At the same time, I feel like breakups are much harder than they used to be because you can block someone on social media, but then the block itself becomes this-

Lori Gottlieb:
A symbol

Andrew Huberman:
... thing.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
You can mute people. You can put your phone away, but unless you block their number, they can send you things. You can go back and read texts if you're-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... an obsessive person.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
There are just so many venues for, or avenues, excuse me, for people to access our psyche when we're trying to move on. And in the old days, kids, you had a phone with an answering machine. You broke up. It sucked. You looked at the photos. You put the photos in a box, or you burned them, and you put the box in a shelf, and then when you got into a new relationship, you either hid the box or you destroyed the box.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
And you moved on. And people's phone numbers changed, and it was so much easier. I noticed that one tended to just remember more good stuff because there wasn't other stuff coming in. The bad stuff tended to dissipate, or maybe it didn't. It was just so much easier.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
You weren't being infiltrated by the past.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right.

Andrew Huberman:
And because of the nature of electronic stuff, I just feel like it's the past trying to hold us back. And this is on both sides. It doesn't matter if the breakup was amicable, then you long for the person now and again, or the breakup was rough, and then you relive ele- There's so many variants on this that, I don't know, it just feels like breaking up's already one of the hardest things. People, I think, don't acknowledge just how hard breakups are.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right. They don't, and I think there's this hierarchy of pain that people have about certain things like, "Well, you only dated for this amount of time. How can it be that painful this amount of time after the breakup?" There's this hierarchy. But if it was a divorce, then people understand why a year later you're still dealing with it. Or if you were only married for 5 years versus married for 20 years. There's some hierarchy of pain that we have around things. Like, it was a miscarriage, but your child, your 8-year-old, didn't die.

Andrew Huberman:
Ooh, geez, sorry. Do people say that kind of thing?

Lori Gottlieb:
No, no, no.

Andrew Huberman:
All right.

Lori Gottlieb:
They don't say it, but that's how they treat people. It's like-

Andrew Huberman:
I see

Lori Gottlieb:
... you had a miscarriage, what they say is, "Oh, it's okay. You'll get pregnant again." If your child dies, they're not like, "It's okay. You'll have another child." Right? But it feels to the person who had a miscarriage that they lost their child. It's very, very painful. But listen to how we talk to people who have these experiences, that we tend to think that some experiences are sort of higher on the hierarchy of pain than others are. And so we think a breakup is not as bad as-- Like a breakup in a non-marriage or a short marriage is not as hard as a breakup with a long marriage or whatever the hierarchy is. Or even someone who, it's like, well... And this is the reason that people don't actually get help for things, because they think, "Well, it's just this. It's not really that bad." Or, "I'm feeling kind of sad," or, "I can't sleep," or, "I'm having trouble in this relationship, but it's not that bad because I have a roof over my head and food on the table, so I don't need to go get help." But let's say you fall, and you clearly have broken your wrist. You're not going to sit there and go, "I don't need to do anything about that because I don't have stage four cancer." You're going to be like, "I'm going because I need to get my wrist repaired." So we treat physical health and mental health as two separate entities, when of course, the mind and the body are all intertwined. And I think that with breakups, it's the same thing. It's like people think, well, it's not that big of a deal after the first X amount of time. And breakups can really mark you, depending on how they went down. Like if it was really volatile, if it was one of these things where you got no sense of if you were cheated on, if you didn't understand why the breakup happened, like it was very surprising to you. All those things. It can really be a different kind of breakup than a breakup where A person, it might be very painful, but you understand why the breakup is happening. It doesn't mean you don't feel the loss, but there's something different about the quality of the breakup. And so then people tell stories about the breakup because they didn't get the real story. So the story now becomes like you don't really understand why the person's breaking up with you, because they didn't communicate during the relationship that maybe they were unhappy. And now you watch them on social media, so you're watching a story and you have this whole story in your mind of, "Look at them, they're on this vacation." Or they're not even with another person. They're just like, "Look, they look so happy." But it's social media, of course, they look happy. People are not posting on social media of, "I'm so sad about my breakup," generally. There's a whole sort of subculture of people who do that, but that's a different thing.

Andrew Huberman:
Very generational.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yes.

Andrew Huberman:
Yeah.

Lori Gottlieb:
But in general, you want to move forward. And by the way, about grief, it's not like moving on because we're sort of shaped by every experience that we have. But it's about moving forward. So people always say about grief, "You need to move on." No, you need to move forward. Let's just talk about that. So let's say you have to move forward. It's very hard to move forward when you're watching the other person's life. You're not moving forward at all. They're moving forward, maybe. You don't really know. But why are you spending so much time watching someone else move forward? Can we focus on how you might move forward, whatever that might look like? But it's really hard when you have this split screen of their life is happening and your life is happening.

Andrew Huberman:
I definitely want to talk about grief. Before we do that, I'd like to double-click into this breakup thing. In my observation and experience, one of the hardest things about breakups is this idea that we want to somehow come to a common narrative.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
And there seems to be a lot of desire to understand where the other person's experience of what happened. I don't think it's intentional, but I think people can be somewhat destructive in a breakup by changing this notion like it was all an illusion or something.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
I guess I've had enough relationships and breakups to realize that there's love that continues. There's things that you thought were love that weren't. There's love that doesn't continue, and there are all sorts of shapes and forms of this stuff. But that good, well-meaning people that take divergent paths, I've learned it doesn't mean anything else sometimes. It literally just means that.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right.

Andrew Huberman:
That there isn't a need to rewrite the script like it wasn't what I thought. It actually was what I thought, and then it was something different, or just circumstances changed or things changed. I'm not trying to make light of this. I would argue I'm probably one of the least skilled people at breakups, although I've gotten "better at it." It's always super painful.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
I've never had a breakup that didn't really hurt. It doesn't matter if I left or they left. That just didn't really hurt. And I think it's this idea of like, and this is why I think it's an interesting perhaps segue to grief, is that it's almost like as something ends, we look back and we evaluate the story-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... and try and figure out, was that real?

Lori Gottlieb:
Right.

Andrew Huberman:
Was it not real? How could that have been real? And then we're here. There was all this hope and expectation, and yeah, I think about this a lot.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah. So sometimes what the loss is about isn't so much about the other person. It's about the loss of what it feels like to be in a primary relationship. So you're losing the primary relationship, and then it happens to be with this specific person. And so there were good qualities about that specific person and qualities that maybe weren't right for you, but what you're losing is the dailiness. So, so much of what feels good about being in a primary relationship is you get to tell the person the minutiae of your day. The little things. The shared history and the shared experiences that become the shorthand and the inside jokes, and the routine of your flight landed. Who are you going to text? Oh, text your partner. Just the built-in infrastructure of being in a primary relationship and someone who knows what kind of pizza you like, and all those little things that come from going through daily life together. And you know all the things about their families, and you know all the things about the people in their lives and the people they're talking about, like this friend and this boss and whatever, their coworkers. So it's this whole world that's been co-created, and then all of a sudden when that person isn't there anymore, the dailiness of your life changes drastically. You're not waking up with that person. You're not eating meals with that person. You're not talking about what's for dinner with that person. You're wondering how that thing with their sister worked out. But you don't know now because, right? And you're losing the side kind of shared people too. You might have liked that person's family a lot. Sometimes you stay in touch with the family, but sometimes you don't. So your world changes so much in the day-to-day. You're not just losing that person. You're losing an entire world that you were living in. And now your world looks so different, and you have nothing to replace it with yet. So it doesn't mean you have to replace it with another partner. You might replace it with things in your own life. But breakups tend to happen. Maybe you saw the breakup coming, but you're not really imagining what it will be like after until you're in it. And you can't really understand what it's like until you're in that breakup phase. So I think that makes it so hard because you're losing ... a lifestyle, right? Like the dailiness of your life.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
And it's like when you're in a relationship, you're in the present, but you're also in the future. So you imagined that the present was going to be the future. And now, mother of all plot twists, the future was just taken away along with the present. So it's not just you're losing the day-to-day, you're losing what you imagined next year was going to be like, and five years were going to be like. So it's a huge thing. It's so interesting because in my most recent book, it starts with my breakup, and that's how I end up in therapy, and my whole thing is the idiot compassion, what we were talking about with my friends, of he's a jerk, and he's terrible, and you dodged a bullet. And my therapist, who I thought was going to validate this position, didn't for the better. And so by the end of the book, people even write in now, they're like, "Oh, I can't believe," I call him boyfriend in the book, "I can't believe he did that." And I'm like, "No, I was trying to say he's a good guy." You have to understand that I was seeing this through the lens of the breakup, and then over time, I see that I was responsible for this, too. I had a role in this, too. I chose not to see the things that I didn't want to see because I didn't want to live in that world of the breakup. Right? So I think it's wanting what you were saying earlier about wanting to have a shared narrative. We feel so wounded by the fact that the person, let's say that they broke up with us, or even if you break up with them, that they don't see the relationship the way you saw it. They had a different experience of it, and you feel like, well, they're not seeing it in the right way. No, they are seeing it in the right way from their perspective. And I think that we have this way of wanting to heal the wound by their saying, "Oh, no, you were great in this relationship. It was me."

Andrew Huberman:
Or we were both great, and it just didn't work out.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yes.

Andrew Huberman:
Right.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right. And we so want that, and the reality is that your partner's going to see things about you that maybe you don't agree with, or maybe they're true, and that's why they hurt.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm. I always find I miss the person's smell.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm. Yes. It's those little things, those-

Andrew Huberman:
Yeah

Lori Gottlieb:
... sort of intangibles.

Andrew Huberman:
I think that takes the longest.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
I have a really good audio memory, too.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
I can close my eyes, I've been able to do this since I was a kid, and hear people's voices.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
And yeah. But smells, I think, we come to expect them.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
And then we don't notice they're there.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
And then the person's gone, and then we're like, "Well, it smells different here."

Lori Gottlieb:
So there's this theory, it's from the Gottmans, who do this research on couples. And they talk about the bank of goodwill, that you need five deposits into the bank of goodwill for every one withdrawal. And so we tend to, when we're in a relationship and we don't like something about something that's happening in the relationship, we think about what's not working. We're taking all these withdrawals from the bank of goodwill, but things like smell, that's a deposit. Like, "You smell so good. I really like your smell." Do we say that enough? Do we focus on the things-- Like how many deposits are we actually making so that when we do make a withdrawal, it doesn't empty the bank account?

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
And it's usually when a breakup happens that all of a sudden we think about all those things that we didn't deposit, but now we miss, right? That were sitting in our bank account, and we don't have access to that account anywhere. The account's closed. But when the account was open, we didn't look at what we had in there. And I think that the people who are, what I see with couples who are most successful, are the people who do notice what's in the bank account, even if they have to take a withdrawal every now and again.

Andrew Huberman:
I'm always struck by how people talk about their partners when their partners aren't around.

Lori Gottlieb:
Very important.

Andrew Huberman:
The other day, this kid came up to me in the gym. Kid. He was probably in his 30s, but there I go again. He was a podcast fan, and we were just chatting. I like to ask people, "What do you do?" And he's in tech, I think. Now I don't recall, but, and so I was like, "Where are you from?" And he's like, he's from Brazil. Cool. And then we were talking about something, and he said, "My girlfriend..." And then we got into some discussion about travel and South America or something, and then at one point he said, "Oh, yeah. She's like my flower."

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm.

Andrew Huberman:
And the way he said it, I was like, wow, that's beautiful. Again, I'm half Latin, but I haven't heard that enough. And I was like, wow. And I said, "That's amazing that you just referred to her as a flower." He goes, "Yes, she's like the flower in my life."

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
And I was like, wow. You don't hear that that often.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
I also don't get into conversations like this very often.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
But somehow he just shared that spontaneously.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
And she wasn't there to hear it. I can't remember the guy's name. Forgive me. She'll never know that he referred to her that way, but it was really beautiful.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
And there are certain people, like I heard Rogan one day talking about his wife on a podcast, and he was like, "She's just so nice."

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
The appreciation he has for her in the small details of how he refers to her. And those are just two examples. And then I could give a bunch of negative examples about people. Gosh. I don't want to put it on one or the other side of the male-female dynamic, but when people say like, "Oh, yeah. They're a pain in my ass."

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
Or referring to people as their old lady or their old man.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm.

Andrew Huberman:
That's an interesting, but kind of in my mind, not the sweetest way. Maybe it could be. Maybe it depends on the tone. Anyway, I'm casting a lot of shadows and light where perhaps I shouldn't. But that interaction was delightful, and I thought awesome for him and awesome for her.

Lori Gottlieb:
That's why I often start a couples session with how did you meet? Because usually when people come to couples therapy, they think the first thing that's going to happen is you're going to say, "So what's going on?" Then they'll start with the problem. And then they're in that withdrawal from the bank account space. So I like to say, "Well, tell me how you met." And immediately, usually, there's like, "Oh," and they have this great story, right? And they remember what they love about the other person. So we start with that, and you can see them sort of remembering who the person is that they fell in love with. Like, "Oh, I thought he was so cute," or, "Oh, it was just really, we were friends for a year, and I didn't know if he liked me, and then this happened, and then I really admired this about him or her." Right? And so they start in this different space, and I think about it like, and this is going to sound like a weird metaphor, but you think about non-stick pans versus a regular pan that you have to put something in so that the stuff doesn't stick to it. When I think about there are people for whom the good stuff, they're like Teflon pans. The good stuff doesn't stick.

Andrew Huberman:
Hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
But the bad stuff about the other person sticks like a pan that sticks, right? So it's like, you think about what is sticking about your partner when you think about what they're putting in the pan, right? Are you a Teflon pan for good things, or are you a different kind of pan for good things? Because you have to think, what am I focusing on? Where does my attention go? And so, why are you focusing on the things that are upsetting you so much? And there are certain things that you're never going to change about your partner. We don't get to order up our partners à la carte. We don't get to say, "I'll take these qualities of my partner, but I'll take this thing that I don't like about them on the side." You don't get to do that. People come, there are no substitutions. They come as a whole. That's it. That's what's offered on the menu. And so people think, well, I can change the thing that I don't like, and I can make that person à la carte. You can't do that. You can't order them up that way. So there are always going to be things that irritate you or that are suboptimal in a perfect world about your partner. Are you going to focus on that, or are you going to focus on the things that you really love about your partner?

Andrew Huberman:
There's a saying from 12-step, which is identify, don't compare.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
Which is, because you'll hear people outside of 12 step talking about, for instance, "Well, he's this, this, and this, and ambitious, and this and that, but he's kind of emotionally unavailable, but he's more available." And people will talk about male or female partners, right, or potential partners or people that they're dating as if you could kludge together the best of all people-

Lori Gottlieb:
Right

Andrew Huberman:
... and get this perfect tapestry of the person that's got all the features you want. Because yeah, some people are a little more easygoing, lighthearted, and sometimes, not always, less ambitious. Those things, in my experience, tend to correlate, not always.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
Some people are super hard driving. They get it done, and they have the capacity to be immense providers, but they have less time, and sometimes they're not as emotionally available.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
Again, stereotyping like crazy here. But people get this idea that through the comparison, they can arrive at the perfect person, when in fact, I think appreciation, not being Teflon about the positive stuff, comes from kind of shutting out the idea that there's an alternative. But of course, you don't want to end up in a situation where the person is truly not good for you, right?

Lori Gottlieb:
Well, right. That's not what I'm talking about.

Andrew Huberman:
Right. And I don't think you are. But yeah, with that caveat, I think that accepting that people are complicated, and there is no kludging together of people.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right.

Andrew Huberman:
At some point, you make a choice.

Lori Gottlieb:
And this is when people cheat. What often happens is there's a specific quality about their partner, maybe. Sometimes it has nothing to do with your partner, by the way, and I think this is so important to talk about when we talk about infidelity, that often it really has nothing to do with the partner. That somebody is expecting their partner, again, going back to vitality and aliveness, to provide that for them, and if the partner doesn't provide that for them, but your partner shouldn't be providing that for you. They're additive. They're not providing a lack or a deficit in you. That sometimes that's why people cheat, but other times they say, like, "There's this quality about my partner that is really, I don't like it." Let's take, for example, "I wish that my partner were more," let's say, "ambitious." So they go and they cheat with someone who's more ambitious, but then the person isn't loving or isn't communicative or isn't whatever the other good qualities that the partner they have has. So they think that by replacing this one trait, that the other person's going to have all the other great traits that the existing partner already has. And generally, you're trading one set of problems for another set of problems. So it's interesting that people think, "I can fix this problem because this person has that thing that I really want." Now, if your partner doesn't have any of that, it's a degree. It's on a spectrum. So is your partner not ambitious at all, or is your partner ambitious about different kinds of things? Like, they want to be a really good parent, and they're really invested in that, or they want to do something philanthropic, and they're really invested in that, but it doesn't pay a lot. So what energizes them? Where's their purpose? Where's their meaning? There's different kinds of ambition.

Andrew Huberman:
I feel like placing one's attention on the good things as much as possible and really letting those fill us up-

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah

Andrew Huberman:
... as much as possible is really key. I didn't say this. I borrowed this, but that two of the most dangerous words in the English language are "if only." This idea, like if only this. Because for two reasons. One is it's very unlikely that if only comes true, but the other one is it takes our attention away from seeing what's there.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right. So I like to say it's the difference between the what if and the what is.

Andrew Huberman:
Hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
And people who focus too much on the what if, "What if this?" They lose sight of what is.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
And usually, there's so much good ... that they really don't want to give up in the what is. So if you're going to keep focusing on the what if, you blind yourself to the what is. And I think the what if is a big trap.

Andrew Huberman:
Yeah. I think this notion of attention and appreciation just seems so fundamental.

Lori Gottlieb:
Well, think of it, so I am sort of an amateur photographer, and I think about it like you can take a picture, you can focus on the same subject, you can focus on one part of it, or you can just move the camera slightly, and then you're focused on something entirely different. But it's the same thing that I'm taking a picture of, right? So I always say to people, "Your focus is always on this. Can you move the camera slightly and find a different part to focus the camera on?" If you're always focusing on something that makes you unhappy, you're going to be unhappy. So why don't you just move the camera and focus on the other things? You get to choose. People think they have no choice in the matter, right? Mm-hmm. "Well, my brain just goes there. My mind just goes there." It's like, no, you get to choose what you put your attention on. You actually have a choice.

Andrew Huberman:
What I love about what's coming through here is that you emphasize the role of these unconscious processes.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
We default to people that aren't healthy for us sometimes, not always. And yet you also emphasize that we have a lot of agency.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
These days, it seems like there's a default toward looking outward. For all that's been said about meditation and reflection and journaling on this podcast and others, we all know these tools are available. They basically just take time. With meditation, you don't even need a pen and paper.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
But we tend to look outward for answers.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
Do you ever give homework to your patients to just think or journal, or does their work tend to be more behavioral?

Lori Gottlieb:
It's kind of like I feel like the work that we do in the room is about understanding.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
And understanding sort of where the gap is between what we say we want and what we actually do.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
So usually it's all about what is in that gap, what is getting in the way, because we're very clear, by the way, about what we want, usually.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
And then there's some gap between our behavior that isn't moving in that direction, in fact, moves us often, either keeps us stuck or moves us in the opposite direction. So it's kind of out in the world between sessions, we're working on the behavior around what is getting in the way in that gap. And then we're doing the thinking and the feeling in the session. I don't mean that people aren't thinking and feeling outside of session. It means they're using their feelings and their thoughts differently. They're taking different actions with the feelings and thoughts outside of the session.

Andrew Huberman:
Do you ever tell people, "Whenever you think that, just do the opposite?"

Lori Gottlieb:
So it's really funny because so many people say, "Your gut knows," right? "Listen to your gut." And for some people, because it's historical, right, what's in their gut, it's like, "No, no, no. Don't listen to your gut." And it sounds really strange for a therapist to say to somebody, "No, don't listen to your gut." But sometimes you literally have to say to people, "Whatever your first instinct is there, do the opposite. Do the thing that feels uncomfortable." Because your gut is what feels comfortable.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
And the thing that feels comfortable, again, is the familiar, and the familiar isn't necessarily the thing that is going to lead you to where you want to go. So it's not like I want people to second-guess themselves or not trust themselves. It's that sometimes you have to learn how to hear that very, very quiet voice inside you because your gut is the louder one, right? Your gut is your first instinct, and it's the kind of the pre-programmed, the pattern, the automatic response. If you think when we talk about sort of neurological pathways, there's this freeway that's been built with this one response. Here's the input, right, and here's the map that follows. This person did this, and you're going to travel down that freeway because that's been the well-paved road because you've done it a million times, doesn't really work out for you. I want people to create side roads and different roads and let's take a different path, and let's kind of dig out a new road, right? That now, so your first instinct is still going to be like, "Let's get on the freeway." And I'm like, "No, let's take a side road. Let's do something a little bit different. Let's take a different path." And that path will now become the new freeway because you're going to keep going down. We're going to dig out that path. The freeway is going to not be trafficked on. We're going to shut down that freeway eventually, and you're going to have a new freeway that's your automatic path. So right now, you've got to do the opposite to build this new freeway. I just mixed 20 metaphors, but the point is that sometimes your gut is just taking you down a well-trodden path that is not the best path for you.

Andrew Huberman:
There's a great line in that movie, "High Fidelity," based on the Nick Hornby novel-

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah

Andrew Huberman:
... which I also highly recommend, where he's like, "People tell me that we should listen to our gut. Well, after," whatever, "30 years, I've come to the conclusion that my gut has shit for brains."

Lori Gottlieb:
That's right.

Andrew Huberman:
He's just realizing that his reflex-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... on what to do with his relationship life was just completely off. Some people will hear what we're talking about right now and will say, "Yeah, but my gut also tells me when I'm in danger." We're obviously not talking about when you can sense danger.

Lori Gottlieb:
So here's the thing. So what feels dangerous sometimes, so your gut is trying to protect you. So what feels dangerous is going into this new situation.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
Because it's uncomfortable to do something different. So your gut is saying, "Oh, let's do the comfortable thing that we've always done," even if the comfortable thing makes you miserable. "Let's do the comfortable thing that we've always done because it feels very dangerous to try this new thing."

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
But sometimes Doing the thing that feels dangerous is actually less dangerous.

Andrew Huberman:
Oh my.

Lori Gottlieb:
So, in other words, a lot of times people say, "I don't want to take a risk. It's too risky." But sometimes the safest thing you can do is to take a risk.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
Doing the safe thing is actually, you say it's too risky. The safest thing you can do is to take a risk because it's going to lead you closer to what you want to accomplish or the thing that you're trying to get toward.

Andrew Huberman:
I completely agree. Also in my life, I've had the experience of, I've taken big risks with my career-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... multiple times, and it's always worked out, thank goodness. A lot of my teen years and 20s and 30s were spent learning to overcome the adrenaline response.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
And I learned to take progressively more and more risk and ended up having an air failure scuba diving, cage exit diving with great white sharks. I don't say this to sound tough. I say this because it's like, what was I thinking? I took it too far.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
So I think learning to overcome the adrenaline response and be calm, and adrenaline, I think, has its value. I also took tremendous risk in my personal life, getting involved with people I never should've gotten involved with, and I blame myself. I don't blame them. I was in choice. So I can imagine that some people are so averse to danger that they don't put themselves into circumstances in which they could really come to thrive. And some people are just wired to go into the fire-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... to the point where it's destructive-

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah

Andrew Huberman:
... either with physical pursuits or in romantic relationships. I'll take it outside my own story. I have a dear friend who was in an incredibly physically abusive relationship, number 12.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
And she eventually came to the conclusion that her threat-sensing threshold was just way too high.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
Did some really good work to understand why that was and realized that her fear response didn't kick in until it was like a nine-alarm fire.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right.

Andrew Huberman:
And so she needed to listen to that, as you mentioned, that super quiet whisper early on, because anyone else who didn't have her history, which is sadly a very challenging history in her family, would've immediately been like, "Yeah, I'm out." But she was like, "This is normal."

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah. When I was in medical school, I remember the people who wanted to work in the ER, who were like, "I want to do emergency medicine," were people often who grew up in environments where danger was a part of it.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm.

Lori Gottlieb:
So they're used to that, and it doesn't really strike them as their sense of danger, their barometer is different from maybe a different person's. I think of it as like a thermostat. When you think about, let's say you want to set your thermostat at 72 degrees. Some people, their thermostat is off because in their house, they did the slightest thing, and their parents treated it like it was a huge, horrible mistake, and they're bad, and it was an emergency. So they don't know how to calibrate, like what does 72 actually feel like? Or the opposite, some big thing happened, and their parents underreacted, and so they don't really know what does 72 feel like? I don't really know what that good temperature is like. So I think that there's a lot of people who stay in situations that are like, it's like other people would say, "Whoa, it's like 100 degrees in here. Get out. There's a fire." And this person's like, "No, it just feels like 72." They don't know.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
And so it's really about recalibrating, and I think when we talk about risk and danger, you have to learn how to calibrate your own thermostat, and I think that that's really important. We talk about the difference between productive anxiety and unproductive anxiety. So unproductive anxiety is there's some kind of danger, and I'm going to ruminate, and ruminate, and ruminate, and I'm thinking about it all the time, and somehow that's going to keep me safe because I'm thinking about it. And then there's productive anxiety, which is, "Oh, it's good that I sense the danger because I'm going to do something about this. I have a plan for how to deal with this." So it might be, I'm in this relationship, and it just doesn't feel right, and this person is acting this way toward me, and I know I shouldn't be treated this way, but I don't know. Maybe it's okay. That's not productive. That's just anxiety. You're just circling, ruminating. Productive anxiety would be like, something's wrong. I shouldn't be treated this way, so my plan is I'm going to try to talk to my partner about this, or we're going to go to therapy about this and see if it improves, and if it doesn't, I'm going to leave to find a different relationship. You're right. You want to sense danger, but the question is, is it productive or is it unproductive? What do we do with it? So people, when I say, "Trust your gut," somebody might say, "Well, my gut is that when things are really unpleasant, you stick with it because my parent stuck with my other parent when things were really unpleasant, and that's what you do." So that doesn't make sense. So I think that do the opposite in that case. It's like, oh, you think you're supposed to stay in this case because your parents did? Do the opposite. See what happens if you do something different.

Andrew Huberman:
We hear that there's value to being able to be on one's own.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm.

Andrew Huberman:
Some people seem to always need to be in a relationship.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
And some people probably don't.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm.

Andrew Huberman:
But do you think there's value to people really understanding themselves first? I know some couples that got together in their first year of college that are still Together.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
They have kids now in college-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... which is a trip. And they seem super happy.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
They are super happy from what I know. And I know people that have had many relationships and then find somebody, and some people take time on their own, some people don't. How important is this notion about knowing oneself, really?

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah. So when you look at what are the factors that determine the success of a relationship or a marriage, emotional maturity is number one. Number two, by the way, is flexibility. That being with someone incredibly rigid is very hard.

Andrew Huberman:
Define rigid.

Lori Gottlieb:
Rigid is things have to be this way.

Andrew Huberman:
In the practical space, like toothpaste has to be on the right, not on the left kind of thing.

Lori Gottlieb:
And emotionally rigid, like this is wrong, this is right. This is the way you do it, this is not the way you do it.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
You behave this way, you don't behave this way.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm.

Lori Gottlieb:
As opposed to people have different personalities, they have different ways of communicating. And yes, the rigidity around the household, of course, too. But just a rigid personality. Like, "I can't leave it this time. I have to leave it this time. We have to be here now." Like whatever. There's no flexibility around anything, or even flexibility around plans. When you get married, you don't know what 5 years, 10 years down the line is going to be like. Are you flexible with how you're moving in whatever direction, the other person is moving in whatever direction? If you need things to be static, that's very rigid, and it's hard because people are not static. There are things about their core personality that tend to be static, but people evolve, and so you have to leave room for the evolution of their three entities. There's you, there's the other person, and there's the relationship. And all three of those entities are going to evolve over time, and if you don't have flexibility and you insist that they stay exactly the same, that's going to be problematic. Going back to whether somebody needs to spend time alone before they get into a relationship or how much you need to know yourself before you get into a relationship, I think people have this misconception that they have to be fully formed before they can get into a relationship. And the thing is that you grow in connection with others. And so people, you're saying you're so surprised that these people met in college and they've been together all this time, and of course, they were so young.

Andrew Huberman:
Oh, no, I'm not surprised.

Lori Gottlieb:
Oh, you're not surprised? Okay.

Andrew Huberman:
No, I'm envious.

Lori Gottlieb:
Okay.

Andrew Huberman:
In a light way, because they got their first jobs in parallel.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yes.

Andrew Huberman:
Sadly, their parents passed away in parallel. They went through a number of life evolutions together.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
Their life story is a commingled story.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yes. It reminds me of, I had a therapy client who was divorced, and she was talking about dating again, and she met someone great. And she said, "I love this person so much, and this person is actually a much better person for me," but there's a sadness that she said, "He will never have met my parents," because they had died.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm.

Lori Gottlieb:
"He will not know all these things about who I was when I was 25 or 35, or what it was like when I went through this particular thing in life." Or again, wasn't there with the birth of our children, didn't know our kids at that age. So it's true that there's something very important about having a shared history. It's not end-all be-all. She's happier in that second marriage. But there is something to be said about people think, "Well, I have to wait until I'm at this point before I can seriously consider dating someone who might become my life partner." And I think that you grow in connection with people. Or people say, "I'm not ready to be in a relationship because I don't know enough about myself." You're going to learn so much more about yourself when you are with someone because you're forced to. Someone's holding up a mirror to you. It's like how I was saying earlier, that when I see couples, people grow individually so much faster because they're in relationship with someone and really having that mirror held up to them. You can sit there and think by yourself till you turn blue in the face, but the reality is no one's giving you feedback. You're not interacting. You're not pushing up against anything.

Andrew Huberman:
Yeah, I totally agree. Certainly, most of my evolution has been in relation to other things, and not just romantic relationships.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
Like jobs that didn't feel right, that I eventually moved on to a different job. You just learn so much-

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah

Andrew Huberman:
... based also on what didn't work.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
There's real information there. I definitely want to go back to grief and talk about loss, but I feel like there's a hatch that we opened earlier that I'd like to peer into for a bit, which is this male/female distinction dynamic that nowadays is very prominent, especially in, I would say, people 40 and younger. It's so different now in terms of the dynamics of what boys and men hear about boys and men generally, what girls and women hear about girls generally, and therefore-

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah

Andrew Huberman:
... how we think about ourselves. But you have a son.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
What do you think are some of the positive things that have evolved in this kind of landscape? And then what do you think are some of the things that are creating problems?

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
For sake of romantic relationship, but also just relationship to self.

Lori Gottlieb:
I think romantically, it's very hard for young people in their teens and early 20s because they don't have an infrastructure around romantic relationships. There's not the typical courting, because it feels old.

Andrew Huberman:
Guys don't ask girls out on dates anymore?

Lori Gottlieb:
They do, but they don't really know how, or they do it on text, right? As opposed to just, there's something really profound about having to call someone on the phone and ask them out on a date. You grow so much as a person by doing that, and it kind of sets the stage for the relationship as well. Or asking someone out in person, it's hard. You're really vulnerable. So it's easy to kind of avoid vulnerability because you can do so many things on text and pretend that it's not a vulnerable act. And people don't necessarily even call it a date. It's like, "Hey, you want to hang out?" Which is just kind of the language around it. So there's not sort of the structure of we're going on a date. That's much less common. Whereas in your era and my era, it was much more like you knew when you were being asked on a date.

Andrew Huberman:
Definitely.

Lori Gottlieb:
It was not so ambiguous. And I think social media makes it really hard because any misstep, someone's going to post about it potentially, or they've got you on video, or things that are really embarrassing or scary when you're first getting into a relationship with someone. That could become, if you're with the wrong person who's emotionally immature, and many young people, they're learning and growing. They do all kinds of things that humiliate the other person. Like, "Here's a list of someone's red flags that I'm going to share with everybody." Can you imagine? And it's on social media.

Andrew Huberman:
So teens are doing this?

Lori Gottlieb:
Yes.

Andrew Huberman:
People in their 20s are doing this?

Lori Gottlieb:
Yes. Or, "Can you believe someone..." Like information that should remain private-

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm

Lori Gottlieb:
... does not remain private. I'm not talking about things that are bad that someone did that need to be reported.

Andrew Huberman:
Sure.

Lori Gottlieb:
I'm talking about embarrassing things, or someone was socially unskilled.

Andrew Huberman:
Her breath was bad.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yes.

Andrew Huberman:
He smelled bad. That kind of thing.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah, anything like, or this is what he did on the date that was embarrassing. He did this weird impression or whatever it is. But also just sexual encounters or nothing feels totally private. Just the level of trust that you have to have in your partner now that was just taken for granted. Like sure, people might have said something to their best friend, but they also had better boundaries around that. You kind of knew in our society what was private and what was not. And because people grow up on social media, they don't really have experience with this sort of there's a private sphere and there's a public sphere. So it's all kind of blurred, and they don't really learn what is private and what is not. And I think it's really nerve-wracking for people, and so people don't take, we were talking about risk. People don't take risks in relationships. They aren't really vulnerable because they're afraid that they will be humiliated.

Andrew Huberman:
So what do you think the need is to share that with the world? Is it because then they don't have to acknowledge that it might have been, at least in part, them?

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
Like if you paint red flags on somebody, then the person painting is not the one under scrutiny, right?

Lori Gottlieb:
I think they just feel hurt-

Andrew Huberman:
Mm

Lori Gottlieb:
... and so they feel like a dip in their self-esteem, and they want to feel validated. And of course, if they make this list, their friends are going to say, "Yeah, you dodged a bullet."

Andrew Huberman:
Mm.

Lori Gottlieb:
"This person wasn't right for you. You deserve better." And then they feel better about it. But you don't grow from that. So the thing is that if you can sit with that really hurts, and this person is not the arbiter of my self-worth, whoever broke up with me.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm.

Lori Gottlieb:
And for whatever reason, just because someone doesn't value you doesn't mean you don't have value. And I think that's a really important lesson for people to learn. So, if I took some gold, right? Like a brick of gold. And someone said, "I don't like that. I like silver," or I like whatever I like, right? Doesn't mean the gold inherently lost value. It means that for that person, that block of gold didn't have value, but the gold has the same amount of value that it had. And I think that we tend to kind of consider somebody else's opinion of us to be the arbiter of our worth, and it's not. Like your worth is stable, and some people will value it, some people won't. Find the people who value it because those are the people that you want to be with. But it doesn't mean that you have less value because somebody doesn't value it, or you have more value because someone does value it. You have the same amount of value either way. But I think young people are not... It always hurts. We talked about breakups earlier. They always hurt, and especially when you're young and you don't have experience. But my concern is that they're not getting the experience of kind of sitting with it. And yes, you want to have your friends support you and all of that, but I think once you start posting about it or once you start kind of vilifying the other person, you're not learning the lesson. You're not learning how to deal with loss.

Andrew Huberman:
In your adult clients, how much of the struggle that you hear about in terms of romantic relationships relates to, again, online aspects like apps and things like that? Do you think they facilitated things or made relationships more challenging?

Lori Gottlieb:
Well, I think what the apps do is there's a phenomenon that Barry Schwartz talks about in his book, "The Paradox of Choice," and it's the idea that the more choice we have, the less happy we are. So you need some choice, but it's kind of like think of like a fishbowl, an aquarium, and an ocean. Fishbowl is not enough choice, just too constrained. Ocean, too much choice. You're like, "Yeah, there's no direction. Oh my gosh." The aquarium is perfect. It's a certain amount of choice, but it's manageable. You don't get flooded. You don't get overwhelmed. So they did these experiments where you'd be able to test out, like we have this new jam, and we have 10 different flavors, and which one do you like best and which one are you going to pick? People would get so overwhelmed they didn't even want to try them. They're like, "It's too much." Or, "We have two flavors. Which one do you like better?" Right? Manageable. So there are people who are what we call satisficers and people who are maximizers. So satisficers-- Well, let me tell you about maximizers first. Maximizers are people, let's say you want to buy a sweater. Okay? You go into the store, you find a sweater that you like. It's the right material, it's the right price, it fits you well, it's the right color. It's good. Great. The maximizer says, "But maybe I can find something better. So I'm going to take that sweater, I'm going to put it on the bottom of the pile so that nobody buys it. I'm going to go to the store next door, and I'm going to see if they have something better." Maybe something's on sale. Maybe it's slightly higher-end material, whatever it is, right? But they keep going to stores, and they keep doing this, and then they think, "Oh, well, I found the greatest sweater ever, and I'm going to get that one." Guess what? They are less satisfied with that purchase than the person who, the satisficer, who would've bought that first sweater in that first store and would've been super happy with that sweater.

Andrew Huberman:
It's all opportunity cost for them.

Lori Gottlieb:
Okay. Because all of the energy, the emotional and cognitive energy that went into maximizing something, for what kind of benefit? Like what percent benefit? Not much, compared to the amount of energy that they spent trying to maximize. They're never satisfied because even when they get that great product, something better is going to come out. There's going to be a new color that comes out like two weeks later that was in none of the stores. So you're always kind of looking over, if you're a maximizer, you're always kind of looking over your shoulder for like, what if something better is out there? In dating, that's what the apps are like. You go out with someone, you have a good time. You think, "Well, no butterflies, no sparks. Pretty good time, but I don't know. I can go back on the apps." You go back on the apps, look at all the people there. Maybe they're better on this dimension or that dimension, and so what it does is it turns everyone into maximizers because there's an illusion of choice. Like, not everybody you see is going to be better, and again, we don't get the à la carte option with people, so there'll be different dimensions in which people are more aligned with what you're looking for. But no one's going to be like perfect, right? So why are we looking for perfection? Why don't we look for-- And by the way, the satisficers are not settling. This isn't about like, "Eh, I'll just settle for something." It's like, that sweater was great. You liked everything about it. You don't need to look for anything more. Will there be, if you pick a partner, will there be someone more attractive? Of course. Will there be someone less attractive? Of course. Right? And by the way, if we treat dating like shopping, we forget that in shopping, we're the choosers, but in dating, someone has to choose us, too. And we, by the way, are not perfect. So an exercise that I like to do with clients is I want you to write down all the reasons that it would be difficult to date you. So instead of making a list of all the qualities you want in a partner, like the partner has to be this, they have to be that, they have to have these interests, they have to have this amount of ambition. They have to look a certain way. They have to have these interests, whatever it is. I want you to write down everything that would make it difficult-

Andrew Huberman:
What a great exercise

Lori Gottlieb:
... to be with you. And some people, it's kind of like in a job interview when they say, "What are your weaknesses?" And we tend to say things that sound positive. Like, "My weakness is that I work too hard, that I'm too dedicated, that I can't let go."

Andrew Huberman:
This is a non-answer.

Lori Gottlieb:
It's a non-- Right. So you have to be scrupulously honest with yourself. So what makes it hard to be with you? And if you're really honest with yourself, suddenly you're less of a maximizer, right? Because suddenly you're like, "Oh, someone is thinking about the things that-- They're looking at me holistically as well." And overall, I'm a pretty good package, but there are things that maybe they could maximize if they really wanted to, but then they're going to have to give up some other qualities that I have that the other person might not have. So I think it's really important not to think about dating as shopping, and I think that people who grew up on apps tend to treat dating like shopping, and they don't sit there and make the list of, "Oh, I can be this way, and that makes it hard for someone to be with me." And you could name a million reasons. Oh, and by the way, I tell them that for all the traits you're looking for, whatever that number is, because they tend to have a lot, right? It's not just like, "I need these three things." It's like, "I need these 20 things."

Andrew Huberman:
The list.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right? The list. So I said, for every quality that you're looking for, whatever number that is, if it's 20, you need to name 20 things that make it hard to be with you. So it can't be like there are two things that make it hard to be with you, but you have a list of 20 things that you want.

Andrew Huberman:
Do you think that after people make that list that they might take a look at that list and make some effort to reduce or eliminate some things from that list? Is that good self-work? Like, if somebody is super rigid about punctuality, anyone that knows me, clearly that's not me. I know some people that are so rigid about that. Let's say someone identifies that as one of the things that can be really difficult. Like, they get really upset if somebody's five minutes late.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
I've interacted with these people.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
You're very difficult to be around. As an academic, everything starts 10 minutes late, and we end late. That's how it works. But should they try to resolve that or reduce that feature, or should they look at the list and say, "You know what? I'm not going to change that. I mean, this thing, well, I should probably change that." What else can the list do for people?

Lori Gottlieb:
Okay. So relationships are like cement. So when you're first putting down the cement, it's wet and it's malleable. When it dries, it's very hard, so then now you have to dig it up. So let's say that punctuality is really important for someone. And they think, well, I don't want to rock the boat. It's the beginning of the relationship, so yeah, this person comes late all the time, but I'm going to say nothing about it, and I'm going to be cool with that, even though I'm not, and I'm sitting there seething every time they come late, right? And it's like in the first three months of a relationship, I think it was Chris Rock who said this, in the first three months of a relationship, you're not you, you're the ambassador of you. So sometimes people who really are not punctual will be punctual, and then they'll change. That's not what I'm talking about. I'm talking about someone who, they're just not a punctual person like you're saying you are. So if you're dating someone and that person is telling themselves, "I'm not going to bring it up. I don't want to rock the boat. It's early in the relationship." The cement is wet. This is when you need to bring it up. Because if you don't, what happens is it's like six months down the line, the person is like, "I can't believe you're late. You're always late. You don't prioritize me." The person's like, "This is the first I'm hearing about this." The person has had, A, no opportunity to change it if they want to, but B, no opportunity to explain. So it might be that, as happened with one of my therapy clients, the person was always late, but it was because he was trying to please her because she wanted to have dinner. He knew that she liked to eat on the earlier side. He worked really late, so he was trying to get his work done and get there, and he was always late because he was trying to be there when she wanted to have dinner. So he said, "I'm late because I do prioritize you. I'm actually leaving work early to be with you, but I should've just said I can't be here at this time. That's what I should've said, and I was worried you would get mad because it would be too late for you." So you see the assumption that she made was, you don't care about me. I'm not important to you. Your work is more important. And he's saying, "No, I actually was leaving work to be with you, and I still couldn't get there on time, so we need to figure out how to work this out. Can we have dinner later? Because I'm just going to be late if we do it earlier, and what can we work out?" So that's an example of if you just bring it up early, you don't build up all these stories about the other person. This person doesn't care. They don't prioritize me, whatever the story is that you're making about that person. And you have a chance to see, is the person willing to do something about it? Or if they're not, are you willing to be flexible and say, you know what, this person, they just run late, and I like so many other things about them, and I'm going to adjust to the fact that this is one thing that in a perfect world I would like them to be more punctual, but there's so many great things that this is one thing that I'm going to adjust to.

Andrew Huberman:
Weaving this with what we were talking about earlier about gut sense-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... and the validity or lack of validity of gut sense.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
I certainly have had the experience, and I know many other people have, that after a relationship ends or when it's ending, they think back and they go, there was that thing at the beginning- ... and I knew it then-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... but I pushed it aside. Is that just a story we tell ourselves?

Lori Gottlieb:
I think that the most important question to ask yourself after you go on a first date or a second date or a third date is, how do I feel when I'm with this person?

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
Because all the other stuff is just like a cognitive exercise, right?

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
So one of my clients, she said to herself, she was in her early 30s, and she said, "I want to have kids with a partner. I'm 31 years old. I don't want to date anyone. I'll date someone who's divorced, but I won't date someone who has kids." She met someone online. It didn't have the kid question in that particular app that she was using. She went to meet him on the first date. She's having such a good time, and it comes up that he has a kid. And she was having such a good time that she really debated like, should I go out with him again? Should I not go out with him again? This is not what I want. I don't want to deal with that. It's too messy, and it's not what I imagined. If she had known on that dating app, it had asked if he had kids and he had put that, she would never have met him. That is her husband. She is so happy. They've been married now for 15 years. They have kids together. They have the other kid. She's so happy. So I think that when we make that list, that you said, should you take things off the list? I think that you need to have flexibility about things that may not matter, but you have to be very inflexible about the things that do matter. So character qualities, they matter. Values that align, that matters. So those are things that don't be flexible on that.

Andrew Huberman:
So I just want to make sure I understand. So we're talking about two different lists here. One is a list about features about the other person. This is what we hear as the list.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
The number of times that friends are like, "You have to make a list." I'll never get around to making a list. But I like this other list that you described, which is all the things about ourselves that would make us difficult to be with.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
Which list or both do we need to have rigidity versus flexibility on?

Lori Gottlieb:
I'm saying that when we think of that list, and by the way, a lot of people don't sit there and write a list, but they have it in their head.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm.

Lori Gottlieb:
There's this process of I know what I'm looking for, whatever. Some people say, like, "I know it when I see it." But there's really a list in there-

Andrew Huberman:
Mm

Lori Gottlieb:
... because you know what you're looking for and it matches this list in your head.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
So on that list, I'm saying you need to put more things like character qualities. Are they honest? Are they reliable? Can I trust them? Do we have the same vision of the kind of life that we want to lead? Where are we aligned on those important things? Because those things are hard to bridge those gaps. They're just going to keep coming up and be very difficult to deal with. Things like, do we have to have all the same interests? No. Does the person have kids or not? Well, that may not be the ideal choice, but look what happened to this other person. You don't know. I think that question that I'm going back to of, how does this person make me feel, if the character qualities are there. Because sometimes people who don't have the character qualities that you want are very charming, and they can make you feel great. But if they have the character qualities, do I feel calm around this person?

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
Going back to this idea of peace and calm. I like this idea somebody had mentioned that I love this metaphor of being able to bring your rough drafts to the other person, meaning that you don't have to be on all the time with this person, that you can bring sort of the rough draft of yourself, of this idea of your kind of imperfect draft, and they collaborate with you on that. And I think that's so beautiful, right? What it means is you can be yourself. And yourself doesn't mean I can act in any way I want, I can have no boundaries, I can be abusive. No, that's not the rough draft. But it's kind of like I am working this through. I'm trying to understand this. I'm not perfect. Sometimes I will make mistakes. And can you be comfortable enough around each other to hold yourself accountable but still feel loved by the other person?

Andrew Huberman:
I love, love, love the criteria, for lack of a better word, of how do I feel when I'm around this person.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
Peace being an anchor point or a place to look for.

Lori Gottlieb:
And when I say how, I mean, do you feel calm?

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
Do you feel content? And so calmness is different from sort of the activation. Contentment is different from out-of-your-mind happy. Of course, in the beginning, and hopefully throughout the relationship, there will be times when you feel this incredible energy around happiness and joy and being around the other person. But most of the time, what you're going to feel around your partner is a sense of safety, a safe place to land, contentment. I enjoy this person's sense of humor. I enjoy sitting with them, even through our silences. I enjoy sitting on the couch and watching a show with them. I enjoy basically doing anything with them just because I like their presence. That's what I mean. Does their presence feel additive to you? Does it feel like you just are happier with their presence than you would be without their presence? And sometimes people feel like, "Oh, we have such a strong relationship. We're so drawn to each other." But what you're drawn to is when you're with each other, the presence is volatile. It's either the high highs and the low lows. I'm talking about that sense of contentment just being in the other person's presence, the dailiness of it.

Andrew Huberman:
There's so much made of these love languages.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
Like they're acts of service, and I like gifts, all that kind of stuff.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
I've heard it said, "What's your love language?" And someone may say, "All of them." That person was me. All of them.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right.

Andrew Huberman:
Who doesn't like all of those? Both, I like to think I offer them, too. Who doesn't like all of those things?

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
But I realize that some people place more value on certain gestures and expressions.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
And I think that's all fine and good. What I love about what you're saying, however, is that it's more of like a, now we're sounding woo, but it's more of an energetic match.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
This feeling of safety. The word peace to me just feels like holds so much value these days. I feel like the two things that I've come to really value more and more are peace and self-respect.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
Because it's hard to have peace without self-respect.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
Certainly hard to have self-respect without peace. Now, sometimes lack of peace can be from external things, but then we have to ask ourselves, do we have any control over these external things? Yeah. I'm curious what your reflections are on an energy match.

Lori Gottlieb:
So instead of love languages, I look at it as understanding each other's operating instructions. We don't get a manual, like when you buy a car or a piece of technology, right? It comes with operating instructions, so you know exactly how it works, like don't push this button, do push this button. This makes it run more smoothly. This will destroy it.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right? So you understand those things. So we don't know that about the other person. We make so many assumptions. If this person is coming to me to talk about this, here's what I would want in that situation. So we do that, and the person's like, "No, no, no. I came to talk to you about it. I just wanted to vent. I didn't come for you to fix it." Right? But maybe you like it when people fix it. So you have to learn the other person's operating instructions. So we talk about this idea of love languages. People like all those things, as you said. Operating instructions is something so much deeper and more intimate, which is, I understand that being late means this to you, right? I understand that it helps you when you're anxious if my voice gets quieter instead of, I understand that you need a hug in this moment. I understand that when we're going on a trip, you like to pack this way, and I like to pack this way, and let's do it our own ways, right? Or just like, I understand these things about you, and you understand these things about me, and so if we understand them, we know how the other person operates, and we're going to operate ourselves with an eye toward that. And there's something so loving About understanding somebody's operating instructions and honoring them. And we don't try to figure out the other person. We try to think, like, "Why are they acting that way?" We don't get curious and ask, "Hey, why are you acting that way? What's going on?"

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
And you learn then, oh, well, this is why. And then now you know that in those situations, here's how they can go more smoothly.

Andrew Huberman:
I rarely ask guests on this podcast to editorialize about other guests, but here it feels appropriate. Bill Eddy was on this podcast. He's a therapist and lawyer, and he wrote the book, I think it was "Five Types of People That Will Ruin Your Life."

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
And one of the cardinal features of a person that he claimed will ruin your life is somebody, one of the early warning signs, let's not say cardinal features, but is somebody who has a story about their past failures that's always about how they were wronged by somebody else.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yes.

Andrew Huberman:
Like the victim stance. There's no other word for it. People who are constantly talking about how they were a victim of somebody else.

Lori Gottlieb:
There is a word for it.

Andrew Huberman:
Hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
It's called help-rejecting complainers.

Andrew Huberman:
Help-rejecting complainers.

Lori Gottlieb:
So a help-rejecting complainer is a person who is always telling you, "This went wrong, and it was somebody else's fault," and they're seemingly coming to you for advice or guidance. And no matter what you say, like, "How about this?" Or, "Have you tried this?" Or, "Have you thought about this?" "No, that won't work because..."

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
"No, I've tried that. That's not going to help. No, because people are like this, and that won't help." So they don't actually want help. It serves them in some way to complain and be the victim and be wronged. And so it's almost like that makes them feel better.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
They don't want to look at themselves. They don't want to look at their role in things. So beware of help-rejecting complainers because they're always going to come to you, and you're going to, at first, feel bad for them. You're going to be like, "Wow, they've really had a hard time. Wow. I wonder if I could help them this way." And then you start to realize they don't want help. They don't want to be helped. They will reject any help that comes their way because if they get help, they can't complain anymore.

Andrew Huberman:
I'm guessing you see this sometimes in therapy.

Lori Gottlieb:
And in the world.

Andrew Huberman:
Yes, in the world.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
We've been making a fair number of assumptions about relationship structure. There are so many different permutations these days that we don't have to explore them all, but do you think that some people are just not well-suited for romantic relationships? I've known a few people in my lifetime, a former advisor who, he passed away, as I mentioned earlier, but who had tried romantic relationships and decided they weren't for him. Most everyone I know in my life is either partnered or, yeah, pretty much.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
Thank goodness, happily so. But are there people for whom they just opt out of the game for reasons that are healthy as opposed to fear of rejection or otherwise?

Lori Gottlieb:
I think that we are wired to want to love and be loved, whatever that means.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
There's all kinds of love. There's all kinds of ways to love. I think that people don't know how to love and be loved if they haven't seen it. So generally, you learn that because you've had it modeled for you, or if you haven't had it modeled for you, you, by trial and error, start to learn these things. Maybe you go to therapy, and you learn more about it. But I think no matter what people come to therapy for, no matter what we call the presenting problem, they're coming because whatever they want to say it is, deep down, something got kind of ruptured in the love or being loved area of their life. And really, that's the core of it, and we have to solve that problem so that the problem they came in for-- It's like you're dealing with content, which is like, here's the problem, and process, which is what's going on underneath.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
And if we can solve the process, then you solve content in multiple areas of your life. It's not just this one problem that you came in with, but generally, if you learn at the core what the issue is that gets in the kind of love or be loved area, you learn how to navigate through the world differently in your professional life, in your romantic life, in your platonic friendship life, in your family life. So therapy isn't just about solving that one discrete problem. Sometimes it is, but many times it's about if we can get to the deeper process issue, then you will solve so many different problems simultaneously.

Andrew Huberman:
Throughout today's conversation, I feel like what seems to be in contrast is our stories about ourselves and other people and life-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... versus just really being present.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
This image of the Teflon pan is really looping in my head because this idea that a positive thing happens, it slips right off.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
Negative thing sticks. What does that mean? It's like we create a story about the negative thing and that the story about the positive thing was a very brief-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... story. It was like one of those three-sentence poems or something, and then it's gone.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
Versus presence, like the more presence we can bring to something, the more positive, meaningful experience we can extract from it. I really believe this. I learned this in science, actually, because I had an absolutely spectacular neuroanatomy professor when I was an undergraduate, and he said, "When you look down the microscope, if you're looking for something, you'll find it, but you're going to miss all this context of the inputs to that structure, and you lose the pattern recognition that's going to serve you going forward."

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
So I learned I had so much time back then. I would just sit at night as a graduate student after I left my undergrad and went on to a lab, and I would just stare at brain tissue. And you learn that And about it in conscious and unconscious ways. And then later when you're doing an experiment, you see things like, oh, there's a deficit here. There's a real effect here.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
And you learn that through presence, you're experiencing things so much differently than if you go looking for something. In science, if you go looking for something-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... it's actually bad science.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right.

Andrew Huberman:
And I've tried to transport that onto relationship in some ways. Like in relation to things and people and dogs and all the things in life, if you're really present, like the story's writing itself, but you're not scripting it out. I don't think I have a language for this. Rick Rubin's talked a little bit about this in his book, "The Creative Act." We need to be on the front end of the vehicle, experiencing space and time as it's happening, as opposed to sitting next to it or in it and kind of creating a narrative about what's happening around us.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yes.

Andrew Huberman:
Does that make sense?

Lori Gottlieb:
Right. So most of us, all of us, myself included, you, all of us, we're unreliable narrators because we're only telling the story through our own lens. And so it's really important for people to kind of be expansive about what the story might be about themselves. Like someone might have a story, "I'm unlovable," or, "I can't trust anyone," or, "Nothing will ever work out for me." That's their story that they're carrying around from childhood or from some experience that they had in life, and they don't realize that they're carrying that story around. So everything that they experience is viewed through that lens. And so of course, they're not finding people they trust because their whole worldview is, "I can't trust anyone," even though the person might be trustworthy. Or they feel unlovable, so of course, they can't take in the love that they're getting because, again, what are they paying attention to? This predominant storyline. So they need to rewrite the story. I created this workbook that's a step-by-step guide. I'm not sort of doing this to plug the workbook, I'm saying it's a very methodical process. You have to break down the story, and my background is that I come from a writing background. So I feel like I'm almost like an editor in the therapy room when people come in and they bring this story, and my job is to help them edit the story so that this faulty narrative that was never true, or whoever told them that story, whether they explicitly said, "You're not lovable," or showed them through their actions that they then felt not lovable, that story was told by another narrator. So that narrator was unreliable, gave you this story that now you take as gospel, and you move through life with that story. So let's examine that story, and can we look for counter examples of when that story is not true? Because generally, there are stories of you being lovable. There are stories of people being trustworthy. There are stories of things working out for you. So we have to really rewrite those narratives and say, what is true, and what is an artifact of somebody else's story that we're carrying around? And why are we writing the next chapter with somebody else's narrative that we never owned anyway?

Andrew Huberman:
Yeah. It seems that one of the challenges of being human is unless somebody is a narcissist, where they basically dismiss anything that doesn't make them feel good, in which case, they miss out on so much of life, and everyone can't stand them anyway. If you're a permeable person, like you're paying attention to what people say, you're trying to integrate that, you're trying to do better, be better, the hard part is being semipermeable. You have to know what to let in, what to reject, what to accept, what to work on. It's a challenging thing, this process of being a person in relation to others, right?

Lori Gottlieb:
Well, right. And again, the story. Think about how much we tell stories about ourselves and other people. That example I gave you earlier about the person who said, "Well, he doesn't prioritize me because he comes late and work is more important to him." And in fact, he was prioritizing her. So we tell all kinds of stories, and we make meaning of interactions with people. And generally, we don't have enough information, and we need to say, can we expand this story? What would that story look like if I got curious and asked more about it? Or even just things that happen in our own lives. Can I examine that story for myself? Is that the story I want to tell myself about that experience that didn't go the way I wanted, or can I look at it a different way? Like, am I a failure, or am I actually growing? Right? You can look at the same story the same way. "I'm a failure. That didn't work out," or, "Oh, that's really interesting. I learned something really important, and I'm really a courageous person for trying that, and now I learned something." Totally different experiences of the same event. And I think sometimes the way we get to that story in the moment is to look at our senses. So we have five senses. We don't tend to pay much attention to them. We just think through everything. So can you say in a moment, right, like even about your partner, when you're upset with your partner. Can you say, with each sense, "Here's one thing I see about my partner that I really like, even though I'm upset about something they just did." Right? "Here's something I hear. I like the tone of their voice," or, "I like the way they laugh. I like the way they smell." Whatever it is. "I like the way..." You can just reach out. By the way, touch is so important. What I have couples do sometimes when things are getting a little bit escalated in the therapy room is I'll say, "Can you take each other's hands right now?" And it's the last thing they want to do in that moment. I'll say, "Can you just take each other's hands?" Calmness, right? Their nervous system is calming down, and all of a sudden, they feel, oh, yeah, I forgot what that touch feels like, and you feel connected now. So can we use our other senses sometimes when we get really in our head And use it to expand the story and connect, whether it's connecting with yourself. Sometimes, with anxiety, we do that something I can see, hear, taste, touch-

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm

Lori Gottlieb:
... smell. We can do that with a partner, too.

Andrew Huberman:
I feel like the whole landscape around relationships has changed so much in the last 20, 30 years. It seems like in some ways for the better, like there's a lot more discussion about the sorts of things that you're explaining-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... and better understanding of self, how to show up better, better choice-making, and so on. I was thinking about at the same time, this example you mentioned before of someone in their teens or 20s, a couple will break up, and then somebody's posting all these things about them, that kind of, quote unquote, feedback, because it's not really feedback, it's more signaling and posturing about what they aren't as opposed to what the other person is-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... has got to create pretty detrimental stories in the person that it's about, right? Because they have the choice of either believing those things or disbelieving them, but it's not really an opportunity for growth in the same way that sitting down with somebody and saying, "Hey, these were some things that you did well, and here are some things that didn't go well." And I guess, how much of the story for young men and women nowadays, and older, do you think is being written through what we hear about the opposite sex, right? In the last, I would say 10, 15 years, there hasn't really been a moment of really trying to prop young boys up and men of like, maleness is great. That's not something you hear very often.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
And I certainly understand why there was a need and an effort to balance opportunities, right? But a lot of young guys grew up hearing that maleness, having a Y chromosome is a bad thing, that testosterone is bad or something like that. And I've been asked to comment on this more and more recently in the press, and I only know my experience and what I observe, but you take any group and tell them that they're bad. That hasn't really worked out well for any group or for society.

Lori Gottlieb:
When my son was in preschool, there was a shirt that girls would wear, little preschool girls, and it said, "Boys are stupid. Let's throw rocks at them." And it was supposed to be somehow girl power, empowering, but you don't empower by putting down another group.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right? You lift up, but you don't bring down. And my son was so confused by that. I remember he was like, "Why? What does that mean?" And can you imagine if some boy showed up at preschool that said, "Girls are stupid. Let's throw rocks at them"?

Andrew Huberman:
Yeah, he'd be in a different preschool pretty quick.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right. So I think it's interesting to think about how it became that it's very hard for young men to navigate what does masculinity in a positive way look like. And they get all kinds of messages. All men are bad. Men should be more like women. Men need to be this way or that way. But no, if they are more communicative, then they're weak. But if they aren't communicative-- There's no kind of right way to be, and I think it's very confusing for young men. If a teenager or someone in college wants to kiss a girl on a date, and they don't do it because they don't know what to do. Do I need to say, "Can I kiss you?" Right? Which feels a little bit like takes away from the moment. But at the same time, they don't want to assume that she wants to be kissed, but it seems pretty obvious to him that they're standing out in front of their cars in front of the restaurant, and maybe she wants a good night kiss. It's just so confusing. And I think that there's definitely, I think, a positive correction in what we call toxic masculinity, the ways that men didn't really assume the personhood of women. But I also think that it's gotten to a place where it's so confusing for both young men and young women to understand sort of how can we be with each other, how can we relate to each other, where we won't be criticized, canceled. We don't know what's right. Do I put myself out there? Do I not put myself out there? Will I get in trouble? And so, obviously, it's a good thing that people are having conversations and there's more communication around what is okay, what do you want? Is this okay? But at a certain level, it becomes people are afraid to do anything.

Andrew Huberman:
Yeah. Talk about lack of presence. It sounds like they have to write the story all the way to the 10 different outcomes for a given action, evaluating if-- Then they're no longer reading the other person's signals. It sounds incredibly complicated.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right. It is very complicated, and I think there's progress, too. I think it's much better than having these situations where men just assumed it was okay to do certain things, whether the woman consented or not. But I also feel like the education that they're getting around this, which again is so complicated because it's positive that they're getting this education, but they don't know what it looks like in practice because even when you think of corporate training and you have to watch those videos, right, and what is okay and what is not okay. They give the most obvious examples of what is not okay. But then there's just sort of Like say you're at work and you're a woman and you're at work, and there's a guy that you're attracted to, because a lot of people meet at work, right? Because where do you meet people when you're an adult? Where do you spend all your time? You spend a lot of your days, five days a week at work, so you might meet someone through work, and maybe it's not someone you directly report to or reports to you. They're in a different department. There's a cute guy. What do you do? People don't know. So women are confused, too. What is okay? What is not okay? In the ways that organically people used to be able to say, "Hey, that guy, I'm going to go talk to him." Right? But people don't know what to do.

Andrew Huberman:
Wow. Tricky landscape, but you're offering tools for people at least, not at least, but to communicate better, and certainly to understand themselves better so they know what they're bringing to the table.

Lori Gottlieb:
Well, I think that it's about understanding that whatever we see in TVs and movies, it doesn't look like that. Somebody doesn't know what to do in a certain moment, or something doesn't go the way that you imagine it will go, or sex can be ridiculous at times and all these weird things happen. I don't mean not consent. I'm talking about like-

Andrew Huberman:
Sure

Lori Gottlieb:
... it doesn't look like it does in the movies all the time.

Andrew Huberman:
Well, and sometimes there's great chemistry, and guess what? Sometimes there's not.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
This chemistry thing's a real thing.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
And sometimes it develops over time, and sometimes it doesn't. The idea that there wouldn't be much room for healthy exploration, error, and adventure-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... kind of breaks my heart.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
I guess that's what I was referring to about-

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah

Andrew Huberman:
... things. But young people are smart. They can figure it out. And they also like to throw off the rules and standards of the adult generation, so I trust they'll come up with a better alternative for themselves, right? I want to make sure that I ask you about grief.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
When a client is grieving a breakup or a loss of some sort, do you tell them to feel their feelings, or do you tell them to compartmentalize and only feel their feelings certain times of day, or do you ever have to say, "Hey, listen, it's time to bury this thing"?

Lori Gottlieb:
I'm laughing because there's no one way to grieve a loss.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
And even the same loss. Like siblings can lose a parent, and they'll have very different ways of grieving the loss of the exact same person. There's just no right way or one way, and I think you really have to honor that person's process. And what I mean by that is it doesn't mean just spend the rest of your life dwelling and not living, right? But I think people have this misconception about grief that somehow you're going to get over it. And often we carry those losses with us throughout our lives. Like you lose someone important to you, you're going to feel that loss, and you might feel it in different ways at different times. If someone was important to you and you lost that person, and you hadn't thought about them in a while, and then you're in an elevator and you hear this music, this song, and all of a sudden it's like someone just stuck a knife in your heart even though you were doing fine. So, I think that we are the accumulation of all the different people who have been in our lives, for better or worse, and everybody makes some kind of impression on us that sticks with us. So I think it's really important for people to understand what the loss is about because the loss can represent lots of different things. You lose a parent, maybe it's the loss of your youth. You're like, "Oh, no, I'm now the older generation." So part of it is the parent, but part of it is this kind of, "I'm closer to death, and what does that mean?" You lose a marriage, and it could mean, "Oh, look, just like my parents, they got divorced and I failed," even though that's not necessarily the meaning of it. So we make meaning of the loss, too. So it's what does this loss mean to you? How do you make sense of it? How do you sit with the loss? And then how do you, again, not move on, but move forward?

Andrew Huberman:
I love that concept. We integrate the things for better or worse into us. But moving forward is something I think everyone would probably want, one would hope.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
I know you're not here to promote anything, but you caught my attention with this workbook because I think I and a number of people probably want to think about how to put some of this into action. And you've given us a lot of great tools to do that and a lot of different ways to think about things. I certainly am taking notes. Can you tell me about the notebook, and what the notebook is, and who can make use of it?

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
By the way, folks, this wasn't preceded into the conversation. We'll talk about the notebook later. I just want to know for people who want to understand how to do good work-

Lori Gottlieb:
Right

Andrew Huberman:
... it sounds like a great tool.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right. So the workbook came about because I wrote this book called "Maybe You Should Talk to Someone," and it's my story going to therapy, and then it's the story of these four other patients that I had and my working with them. And people said, "Wow, there was so much that made me think or feel or resonate with, but I need some structured sort of a step-by-step guide to how I can make those kinds of changes, too." And maybe they don't have access to therapy, or they don't want to go to therapy. They want to work on it in a different way. And I really wanted... I feel like therapy is this thing where certain people, it's sort of one-on-one, or if you have a couple, it's three people in the room. And how do you bring that out so other people can use those tools? So I created basically a workbook that's a companion to "Maybe You Should Talk to Someone," and I really focused on stories, because I feel like the narratives that we carry around shape so much of how we think, feel, and act every day. So it's a guide. It's what I would do with someone in the therapy room if I were helping them to rewrite their story and to look at, is this a faulty narrative? What does this look like? What are the true stories? What resonates with me now at this part of my life? Where do these stories come from? Who told me these stories? Can I try this out in real life? Here's an exercise to do this week. So I think that more of us sometimes need that kind of guidance. It's one thing to theoretically think about something, and as a therapist, I'm just very direct and active anyway. As I said, the insight is the booby prize of therapy.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
That I want people to have more than insight. I want them to have a plan with action, and I want them to have small, manageable steps, because I feel like if you get overwhelmed and the step is too big, that's really the only reason that people don't succeed at a change they want to make. It's that you need the steps to be manageable. So I really break it down for people. How can we do this? It's kind of like weekly therapy. It's like, how can we do this this week, and work on that, and then you can kind of reflect on it, and there's all these different exercises that take you at the pace that works for you.

Andrew Huberman:
It's great. I'm a huge fan of workbooks, and online courses. I'm taking an online course right now, just for my own enrichment. I'm going to get your notebook. I think it's a fabulous idea. I think there's so many books about the changes we can make in any domain of health, wellness, psychology, fitness, whatever, and we read it, we might incorporate one or two little-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... snippets, and then it goes on the shelf, and then we're proud to have it on our shelf because it says something about how we view life, and it's cool to see those books elsewhere. And all that's wonderful. But I think workbooks are a real thing.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
So we'll put a link to that. Again, this came up spontaneously, but I know a number of people will want to know that. I have one more question.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
You write this column.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
Is it a weekly column?

Lori Gottlieb:
Every two weeks, I write "Ask the Therapist," yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
Are there things thematically that are coming up more these days? Like you're getting 1,000 letters about blank, and then two about something else? I mean, where are things batching these days?

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
And there can be more than one-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... bat, bin, excuse me.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
Bin to how it's batching.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
Yeah.

Lori Gottlieb:
So I think the same things come up. I've been doing this for so many years. I wrote it for six years at "The Atlantic," and now I'm writing it at "The New York Times," and it's interesting because people talk about the same issues differently, but it's the same issue. So someone might say, a lot comes up around, "Should I cut off this person?"

Andrew Huberman:
Mm.

Lori Gottlieb:
Whether that's a family member or a friend. This person did this, and boundaries are a big thing, and everyone thinks everyone's a narcissist, which they're not. Everyone thinks everyone is gaslighting them, which generally they're not.

Andrew Huberman:
It's all dopamine. I'm just kidding. They're these...

Lori Gottlieb:
But the language is different, is what I'm saying. But I think that what they're really struggling with, and what we all struggle with, are relating. It's hard.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm-hmm.

Lori Gottlieb:
Humans are unpredictable. Well, in some ways they're very predictable, but I think they're hard for another person to understand in that way, going back to the operating instructions, that sometimes you think this is going to be the expected response, and you get something completely different. They can't understand why a friend or a family member or a coworker or whatever would do or say or think something. I think at the end of the day, people really know what the answer to the question is, but they want permission.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm.

Lori Gottlieb:
So many times people say like, "What do you think about this?" Or, "I really want to do this, but the people in my family think this." And so they're almost asking for permission that it's okay to want something. It's okay. We are so cautious about desire in our culture-

Andrew Huberman:
Mm

Lori Gottlieb:
... that sometimes we think that if I have a desire, it's indulgent.

Andrew Huberman:
Mm.

Lori Gottlieb:
As opposed to, you should. You have desires. Live a big life. I always say to people, "When you're making a decision, choose the bigger life. That's how you make the decision." And I heard that somewhere. It's not mine originally, but I think it's so true that it's okay to have these desires. But then we get these messages from our culture or our friend group or our families that no, no, no, it's not okay. And so a lot of people want permission that it's okay that you don't want to go to medical school. It's okay. It's okay that you don't want to have children. That's okay. So I think sometimes people want permission, but I think what they're really, I think most of the letters are about, "I'm having trouble relating, and I don't know if I'm crazy, they're crazy, what's happening?" And so they need sort of that person who's going to zoom out and see it from a more objective place, and help them to see, again, going back to narrative, both sides of the narrative. So I'm not just in my column, I don't just say, "Here's what you should do." I do do that, but I first say, "I want you to have some context around this. So here's how you're thinking about it, and that's understandable. Here's the other side of the story that you're not really paying attention to. Now that you have this wider lens, here's how I think this might be managed."

Andrew Huberman:
Love it. I love this concept of make the choice that is going to bring the bigger life.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
Because as you pointed out, it's so easy for people to stay stuck-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... in what is unpleasant, but hasn't killed them yet.

Lori Gottlieb:
Or they're waiting for something. Like-

Andrew Huberman:
Mm

Lori Gottlieb:
... I will buy a house when. I will look for a partner when. As if there are these prerequisites that need to happen because that's the conventional view of the order in which you should live your life. Like, "I won't buy a house until I'm married," as opposed to, why? Why can't you buy a house that you like if you have the money to do that, right? Why do you have to wait for marriage for that? Or, "I won't look for a partner until I have this kind of job." That you have to have all these little pieces in this order, and there are so many different ways to live your life. And sometimes, by the way, you might want to live your life in that conventional order, but it just doesn't work out that way for you, so you might have to switch up the order, and that's okay.

Andrew Huberman:
I love a vote in favor of people enjoying their life more, and hopefully deriving more self-respect by doing it. This asceticism of we're going to deprive ourselves of things in order to respect ourselves. Even though I value discipline, and I think learning to enjoy life is also important.

Lori Gottlieb:
Right. And I think that when we talk about, we're not talking about hedonism, we're talking about reflecting on what will make a meaningful, purposeful life for you, and then being very intentional about going after that goal.

Andrew Huberman:
So much here. Laurie, thank you so much for the work you do with your patients/clients/we don't have a better word for it, and also your willingness to get out and teach, and literally every two weeks, field questions from the general public. It's not easy to do, I imagine. And clearly, you're thinking about things past, present, and future, and people really need these tools, and not everyone will make it into your office, unfortunately, and have the experience of working one-on-one with you. But I think that the workbook, I'm so glad that came up so that people have an opportunity to put these things into action. And you've given us a ton to work with here. I listed out many things. I won't list them out here. We'll timestamp this episode in detail so people can go back and find them. But yeah, I've learned a ton. I'm going to put this to action, and hopefully you'll come back again and talk with us about what's new, because I know this is an evolving field.

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm.

Andrew Huberman:
And as the landscape of society changes, we're going to need new tools. But it sounds like the fundamentals are really in there.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah.

Andrew Huberman:
It involves self-reflection. I love this thing about a list of the things that make us difficult to be with-

Lori Gottlieb:
Mm-hmm

Andrew Huberman:
... as opposed to the list of the things we want in other people. And that Teflon pan is something I'm going to think about a lot.

Lori Gottlieb:
Yeah. Well, thanks so much for this conversation. I love having these longer conversations and really exploring what it means to be human.

Andrew Huberman:
Well, thank you. You've certainly enriched my thinking about it, and I'm sure everyone listening as well.

Lori Gottlieb:
Thanks so much.

Andrew Huberman:
Thank you for joining me for today's discussion with Laurie Gottlieb. I hope you found it to be as interesting and as actionable as I did. To learn more about Laurie Gottlieb's work and to find links to her excellent book and other resources, please see the show note captions. If you're learning from and/or enjoying this podcast, please subscribe to our YouTube channel. That's a terrific zero-cost way to support us. In addition, please follow the podcast by clicking the follow button on both Spotify and Apple. And on both Spotify and Apple, you can leave us up to a five-star review. And you can now leave us comments at both Spotify and Apple. Please also check out the sponsors mentioned at the beginning and throughout today's episode. That's the best way to support this podcast. If you have questions for me or comments about the podcast or guests or topics that you'd like me to consider for the Huberman Lab podcast, please put those in the comments section on YouTube. I do read all the comments. For those of you that haven't heard, I have a new book coming out. It's my very first book. It's entitled "Protocols: An Operating Manual for the Human Body." This is a book that I've been working on for more than five years, and that's based on more than 30 years of research and experience. And it covers protocols for everything from sleep to exercise to stress control, protocols related to focus and motivation, and of course, I provide the scientific substantiation for the protocols that are included. The book is now available by presale at protocolsbook.com. There you can find links to various vendors. You can pick the one that you like best. Again, the book is called "Protocols: An Operating Manual for the Human Body." And if you're not already following me on social media, I am Huberman Lab on all social media platforms. So that's Instagram, X, Threads, Facebook, and LinkedIn. And on all those platforms, I discuss science and science-related tools, some of which overlaps with the content of the Huberman Lab podcast, but much of which is distinct from the information on the Huberman Lab podcast. Again, it's Huberman Lab on all social media platforms. And if you haven't already subscribed to our Neural Network Newsletter, the Neural Network Newsletter is a zero-cost monthly newsletter that includes podcast summaries as well as what we call protocols in the form of one to three-page PDFs that cover everything from how to optimize your sleep, how to optimize dopamine, deliberate cold exposure. We have a foundational fitness protocol that covers cardiovascular training and resistance training. All of that is available completely zero cost. You simply go to hubermanlab.com, go to the menu tab in the top right corner, scroll down to Newsletter, and enter your email. And I should emphasize that we do not share your email with anybody. Thank you once again for joining me for today's discussion with Laurie Gottlieb. And last but certainly not least, thank you for your interest in science.